A.   There is a lack of trained personnel working as probation officers.

B.   Trained probation officers are not equipped to handle offenders.

C.   There is a lack of available aftercare programs.

D.   Youthful offenders are sent back to the same communities.

A.   to reduce gang membership

B.   to reduce drug use

C.   to teach law-related education

D.   to improve police-juvenile relations

A.   determinate and mandatory sentencing

B.   decriminalization of status offenses

C.   transferring juveniles to the adult court for all proceedings

D.   an integrated criminal court with a youth discount

A.   zero-dependency on technology

B.   drastic modifications in juvenile justice system

C.   expansion of restorative justice

D.   sparing use of evidence-based practices

A.   Juvenile property crime data show that African American youths are less involved in such offenses than white youths.

B.   The rates of juvenile homicide are higher for minorities than for white youthful offenders.

C.   American Indian youths are less likely than African American or Asian American youths to be arrested for alcohol offenses.

D.   Official data disproves disproportionate involvement in nonlethal violence on the part of African American youths.

A.   Divert youthful offenders from voluntary services into the justice system.

B.   Limit the enormous discretion granted to juvenile justice practitioners.

C.   Make training schools safer and more humane.

D.   Decriminalize status offenses.

A.   family-integrated transitions

B.   intensive supervision programs

C.   multisystemic therapy

D.   aggression replacement training

A.   probation

B.   the cottage system

C.   diversion programs

D.   half-way houses

A.   Juveniles are entitled to proof beyond a reasonable doubt during the adjudication proceedings.

B.   Juveniles are not entitled to the right of jury trials.

C.   The press may report juvenile court proceedings under certain circumstances.

D.   The constitutional privilege against self-incrimination is as applicable in the case of juveniles as it is with respect to adults.

A.   minimum standards for assessing and testing children committed to the state

B.   minimum standards for delivering medical and psychiatric care

C.   minimum standards for visitation during solitary confinement

D.   minimum standards for delivering vocational education

A.   In re Gault

B.   Pena v. New York State Division for Youth

C.   Morales v. Turman

D.   Inmates of the Boys' Training School v. Affleck

A.   institutionalization in a mental hospital

B.   community-based residential program

C.   state or private training school

D.   day-treatment program

A.   a permanent police unit specially tasked to work on gang problems

B.   a group of police officers who have all gone undercover to infiltrate gangs

C.   officers temporarily pulled from detective units or juvenile units to work on gangs

D.   a citizen task force formed to deal with a specific gang problem

A.   outright dismissal

B.   informal adjustment

C.   consent decree

D.   filing of a petition

A.   enforcer role

B.   broker role

C.   detector role

D.   enabler role

A.   Juveniles could not be held in institutions that did not provide for their rehabilitation.

B.   Solitary confinement and strip cells should not be used as tools of punishment.

C.   Children require safeguards in juvenile court.

D.   Use of isolation, hand restraints, and tranquilizing drugs must be barred.

A.   the learning of criminal mores and behaviors in prison

B.   the increased focus on rehabilitation in the adult system

C.   the increased likelihood of juvenile victimization in the adult system

D.   the sense of maturity juveniles feel about being tried and convicted as adults

A.   The juvenile judge should occasionally "put his arm around [the delinquent's] shoulder and draw the lad to him."

B.   The lawyers need not accompany the delinquent as the civil proceedings were informal hearings.

C.   reintegration

D.   The youths brought before the court should be given the same care, supervision, and discipline as would be provided by a good parent.

A.   victim notification system

B.   group monitoring unit

C.   global positioning system

D.   identity verification system

A.   intervention

B.   interrogation

C.   fingerprinting

D.   Miranda reading

A.   reception and diagnostic centers

B.   ranches and wilderness camps

C.   public training schools

D.   boot camps

A.   Socioeconomic statistics are not gathered.

B.   It is not related to crime.

C.   Juveniles who get in trouble with the law are usually of the same socioeconomic group.

D.   It is usually studied together with race.

A.   Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.)

B.   Law Enforcement Education (LRE)

C.   School Program to Educate and Control Drug Abuse (SPECDA)

D.   Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.)

A.   right to remain silent

B.   right to a jury trial

C.   right to notice of charges

D.   double jeopardy

A.   Crime would likely remain constant

B.   Crime would ultimately be reduced.

C.   The system would be unmanageable.

D.   The cost of justice would likely be reduced.

A.   lower-class youth

B.   white youth

C.   rural youth

D.   urban youth

A.   dispositional hearing

B.   petition

C.   adjudicatory hearing

D.   aftercare

A.   Wisconsin system

B.   restorative justice model

C.   surveillance

D.   social study report

A.   Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

B.   National Coalition of State Juvenile Justice Advisory Groups

C.   Juvenile Court Act

D.   Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

A.   that it is individualized and includes graduated sanctions

B.   that all court staff is adequately trained to handle it

C.   that victims have access to services they need

D.   that cases are diverted to alternative systems

A.   shelter care

B.   home detention

C.   attention homes

D.   detention center

A.   revocation

B.   disposition hearing

C.   judicial waiver

D.   statutory exclusion

A.   the seriousness of the alleged offense to the community

B.   the cross-examination of witnesses

C.   the sophistication and maturity of the juvenile

D.   the prosecutorial merit of the complaint

A.   fairness for victims in the system

B.   rehabilitation of criminals

C.   change in behavior or attitude

D.   restoration of law and order

A.   a halfway house

B.   Outward Bound

C.   a day-treatment center

D.   house arrest

A.   right to access to the courts

B.   right to treatment

C.   right to trial by jury

D.   right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment

A.   Citation and referral to juvenile court

B.   Referral to a diversion agency

C.   Detention

D.   Station adjustment

A.   provides the best possible supervision and counseling to the youth

B.   screens referral to the court carefully

C.   conducts a fact-finding study on the youth

D.   maintains a file on each probationer

A.   Their rights to legal counsel and to intelligently enter a plea are suspended.

B.   The justice model is used in their adjudicatory and disposition hearings.

C.   They are transferred quickly to the adult court and handled as adults.

D.   The "best interest of the child" standard for decision making is followed.

A.   social learning theory

B.   developmental life-course theory

C.   social control theory

D.   strain theory

A.   It mandated that certain court procedures would be open to the public, although the names of juveniles still would remain confidential.

B.   It mandated that the sentence for class A felonies can be extended by at least one year.

C.   It mandated a determinate sentence of five years for class A felonies, which include firstdegree kidnapping, first-degree arson, and murder.

D.   It lowered the age at which waiver could occur to fourteen years old for capital, firstdegree, and aggravated controlled substance felony offenses.

A.   For violent offenders, 16 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 24 percent of the retained offenders.

B.   For drug offenses, 11 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 9 percent of the retained offenders.

C.   Overall, 35 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 59 percent of the retained offenders.

D.   For property offenses, 10 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 14 percent of the retained offenders.

A.   guided group interaction

B.   just deserts

C.   behavioral therapy

D.   recidivism

A.   ensuring that trials are concluded without continuances

B.   ensuring that an adequate information system is available to evaluate performance

C.   providing effective post-dispositions to each youth

D.   encouraging family members to participate in the development of the youth's intervention plan

A.   search and seizure

B.   station adjustment

C.   cycle of alienation

D.   police discretion

A.   punish their sins

B.   provide treatment

C.   initiate victim restitution

D.   separate them from their peers