A.   Trained probation officers are not equipped to handle offenders.

B.   Youthful offenders are sent back to the same communities.

C.   There is a lack of available aftercare programs.

D.   There is a lack of trained personnel working as probation officers.

A.   to reduce drug use

B.   to teach law-related education

C.   to reduce gang membership

D.   to improve police-juvenile relations

A.   an integrated criminal court with a youth discount

B.   determinate and mandatory sentencing

C.   decriminalization of status offenses

D.   transferring juveniles to the adult court for all proceedings

A.   expansion of restorative justice

B.   sparing use of evidence-based practices

C.   zero-dependency on technology

D.   drastic modifications in juvenile justice system

A.   Official data disproves disproportionate involvement in nonlethal violence on the part of African American youths.

B.   Juvenile property crime data show that African American youths are less involved in such offenses than white youths.

C.   American Indian youths are less likely than African American or Asian American youths to be arrested for alcohol offenses.

D.   The rates of juvenile homicide are higher for minorities than for white youthful offenders.

A.   Divert youthful offenders from voluntary services into the justice system.

B.   Make training schools safer and more humane.

C.   Limit the enormous discretion granted to juvenile justice practitioners.

D.   Decriminalize status offenses.

A.   aggression replacement training

B.   multisystemic therapy

C.   family-integrated transitions

D.   intensive supervision programs

A.   probation

B.   half-way houses

C.   diversion programs

D.   the cottage system

A.   Juveniles are not entitled to the right of jury trials.

B.   The press may report juvenile court proceedings under certain circumstances.

C.   The constitutional privilege against self-incrimination is as applicable in the case of juveniles as it is with respect to adults.

D.   Juveniles are entitled to proof beyond a reasonable doubt during the adjudication proceedings.

A.   minimum standards for delivering medical and psychiatric care

B.   minimum standards for assessing and testing children committed to the state

C.   minimum standards for delivering vocational education

D.   minimum standards for visitation during solitary confinement

A.   Pena v. New York State Division for Youth

B.   Morales v. Turman

C.   Inmates of the Boys' Training School v. Affleck

D.   In re Gault

A.   day-treatment program

B.   community-based residential program

C.   state or private training school

D.   institutionalization in a mental hospital

A.   officers temporarily pulled from detective units or juvenile units to work on gangs

B.   a group of police officers who have all gone undercover to infiltrate gangs

C.   a citizen task force formed to deal with a specific gang problem

D.   a permanent police unit specially tasked to work on gang problems

A.   outright dismissal

B.   filing of a petition

C.   informal adjustment

D.   consent decree

A.   detector role

B.   broker role

C.   enforcer role

D.   enabler role

A.   Children require safeguards in juvenile court.

B.   Juveniles could not be held in institutions that did not provide for their rehabilitation.

C.   Use of isolation, hand restraints, and tranquilizing drugs must be barred.

D.   Solitary confinement and strip cells should not be used as tools of punishment.

A.   the increased likelihood of juvenile victimization in the adult system

B.   the learning of criminal mores and behaviors in prison

C.   the increased focus on rehabilitation in the adult system

D.   the sense of maturity juveniles feel about being tried and convicted as adults

A.   The juvenile judge should occasionally "put his arm around [the delinquent's] shoulder and draw the lad to him."

B.   reintegration

C.   The lawyers need not accompany the delinquent as the civil proceedings were informal hearings.

D.   The youths brought before the court should be given the same care, supervision, and discipline as would be provided by a good parent.

A.   victim notification system

B.   group monitoring unit

C.   identity verification system

D.   global positioning system

A.   Miranda reading

B.   interrogation

C.   intervention

D.   fingerprinting

A.   reception and diagnostic centers

B.   ranches and wilderness camps

C.   boot camps

D.   public training schools

A.   It is usually studied together with race.

B.   Juveniles who get in trouble with the law are usually of the same socioeconomic group.

C.   Socioeconomic statistics are not gathered.

D.   It is not related to crime.

A.   Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.)

B.   Law Enforcement Education (LRE)

C.   Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.)

D.   School Program to Educate and Control Drug Abuse (SPECDA)

A.   right to remain silent

B.   right to a jury trial

C.   right to notice of charges

D.   double jeopardy

A.   Crime would ultimately be reduced.

B.   The system would be unmanageable.

C.   Crime would likely remain constant

D.   The cost of justice would likely be reduced.

A.   urban youth

B.   rural youth

C.   lower-class youth

D.   white youth

A.   adjudicatory hearing

B.   aftercare

C.   petition

D.   dispositional hearing

A.   Wisconsin system

B.   social study report

C.   restorative justice model

D.   surveillance

A.   Juvenile Court Act

B.   Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

C.   Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

D.   National Coalition of State Juvenile Justice Advisory Groups

A.   that cases are diverted to alternative systems

B.   that all court staff is adequately trained to handle it

C.   that it is individualized and includes graduated sanctions

D.   that victims have access to services they need

A.   home detention

B.   shelter care

C.   attention homes

D.   detention center

A.   statutory exclusion

B.   disposition hearing

C.   revocation

D.   judicial waiver

A.   the cross-examination of witnesses

B.   the prosecutorial merit of the complaint

C.   the seriousness of the alleged offense to the community

D.   the sophistication and maturity of the juvenile

A.   change in behavior or attitude

B.   fairness for victims in the system

C.   restoration of law and order

D.   rehabilitation of criminals

A.   house arrest

B.   Outward Bound

C.   a day-treatment center

D.   a halfway house

A.   right to trial by jury

B.   right to treatment

C.   right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment

D.   right to access to the courts

A.   Station adjustment

B.   Citation and referral to juvenile court

C.   Detention

D.   Referral to a diversion agency

A.   conducts a fact-finding study on the youth

B.   provides the best possible supervision and counseling to the youth

C.   screens referral to the court carefully

D.   maintains a file on each probationer

A.   The justice model is used in their adjudicatory and disposition hearings.

B.   Their rights to legal counsel and to intelligently enter a plea are suspended.

C.   They are transferred quickly to the adult court and handled as adults.

D.   The "best interest of the child" standard for decision making is followed.

A.   social learning theory

B.   developmental life-course theory

C.   social control theory

D.   strain theory

A.   It lowered the age at which waiver could occur to fourteen years old for capital, firstdegree, and aggravated controlled substance felony offenses.

B.   It mandated that certain court procedures would be open to the public, although the names of juveniles still would remain confidential.

C.   It mandated a determinate sentence of five years for class A felonies, which include firstdegree kidnapping, first-degree arson, and murder.

D.   It mandated that the sentence for class A felonies can be extended by at least one year.

A.   For violent offenders, 16 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 24 percent of the retained offenders.

B.   For drug offenses, 11 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 9 percent of the retained offenders.

C.   For property offenses, 10 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 14 percent of the retained offenders.

D.   Overall, 35 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 59 percent of the retained offenders.

A.   recidivism

B.   guided group interaction

C.   behavioral therapy

D.   just deserts

A.   encouraging family members to participate in the development of the youth's intervention plan

B.   providing effective post-dispositions to each youth

C.   ensuring that an adequate information system is available to evaluate performance

D.   ensuring that trials are concluded without continuances

A.   search and seizure

B.   police discretion

C.   station adjustment

D.   cycle of alienation

A.   separate them from their peers

B.   provide treatment

C.   punish their sins

D.   initiate victim restitution