A.   There is a lack of trained personnel working as probation officers.

B.   There is a lack of available aftercare programs.

C.   Youthful offenders are sent back to the same communities.

D.   Trained probation officers are not equipped to handle offenders.

A.   to teach law-related education

B.   to improve police-juvenile relations

C.   to reduce drug use

D.   to reduce gang membership

A.   determinate and mandatory sentencing

B.   decriminalization of status offenses

C.   transferring juveniles to the adult court for all proceedings

D.   an integrated criminal court with a youth discount

A.   sparing use of evidence-based practices

B.   expansion of restorative justice

C.   drastic modifications in juvenile justice system

D.   zero-dependency on technology

A.   Juvenile property crime data show that African American youths are less involved in such offenses than white youths.

B.   American Indian youths are less likely than African American or Asian American youths to be arrested for alcohol offenses.

C.   Official data disproves disproportionate involvement in nonlethal violence on the part of African American youths.

D.   The rates of juvenile homicide are higher for minorities than for white youthful offenders.

A.   Divert youthful offenders from voluntary services into the justice system.

B.   Decriminalize status offenses.

C.   Make training schools safer and more humane.

D.   Limit the enormous discretion granted to juvenile justice practitioners.

A.   aggression replacement training

B.   intensive supervision programs

C.   family-integrated transitions

D.   multisystemic therapy

A.   probation

B.   half-way houses

C.   the cottage system

D.   diversion programs

A.   Juveniles are entitled to proof beyond a reasonable doubt during the adjudication proceedings.

B.   The press may report juvenile court proceedings under certain circumstances.

C.   The constitutional privilege against self-incrimination is as applicable in the case of juveniles as it is with respect to adults.

D.   Juveniles are not entitled to the right of jury trials.

A.   minimum standards for assessing and testing children committed to the state

B.   minimum standards for delivering vocational education

C.   minimum standards for visitation during solitary confinement

D.   minimum standards for delivering medical and psychiatric care

A.   Morales v. Turman

B.   Inmates of the Boys' Training School v. Affleck

C.   In re Gault

D.   Pena v. New York State Division for Youth

A.   institutionalization in a mental hospital

B.   day-treatment program

C.   community-based residential program

D.   state or private training school

A.   officers temporarily pulled from detective units or juvenile units to work on gangs

B.   a permanent police unit specially tasked to work on gang problems

C.   a citizen task force formed to deal with a specific gang problem

D.   a group of police officers who have all gone undercover to infiltrate gangs

A.   outright dismissal

B.   consent decree

C.   filing of a petition

D.   informal adjustment

A.   detector role

B.   enabler role

C.   broker role

D.   enforcer role

A.   Solitary confinement and strip cells should not be used as tools of punishment.

B.   Juveniles could not be held in institutions that did not provide for their rehabilitation.

C.   Use of isolation, hand restraints, and tranquilizing drugs must be barred.

D.   Children require safeguards in juvenile court.

A.   the sense of maturity juveniles feel about being tried and convicted as adults

B.   the increased focus on rehabilitation in the adult system

C.   the increased likelihood of juvenile victimization in the adult system

D.   the learning of criminal mores and behaviors in prison

A.   The juvenile judge should occasionally "put his arm around [the delinquent's] shoulder and draw the lad to him."

B.   The youths brought before the court should be given the same care, supervision, and discipline as would be provided by a good parent.

C.   reintegration

D.   The lawyers need not accompany the delinquent as the civil proceedings were informal hearings.

A.   group monitoring unit

B.   identity verification system

C.   global positioning system

D.   victim notification system

A.   interrogation

B.   Miranda reading

C.   fingerprinting

D.   intervention

A.   public training schools

B.   reception and diagnostic centers

C.   boot camps

D.   ranches and wilderness camps

A.   It is not related to crime.

B.   Socioeconomic statistics are not gathered.

C.   Juveniles who get in trouble with the law are usually of the same socioeconomic group.

D.   It is usually studied together with race.

A.   School Program to Educate and Control Drug Abuse (SPECDA)

B.   Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.)

C.   Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.)

D.   Law Enforcement Education (LRE)

A.   double jeopardy

B.   right to notice of charges

C.   right to a jury trial

D.   right to remain silent

A.   The system would be unmanageable.

B.   Crime would likely remain constant

C.   The cost of justice would likely be reduced.

D.   Crime would ultimately be reduced.

A.   white youth

B.   rural youth

C.   lower-class youth

D.   urban youth

A.   aftercare

B.   adjudicatory hearing

C.   petition

D.   dispositional hearing

A.   surveillance

B.   restorative justice model

C.   social study report

D.   Wisconsin system

A.   National Coalition of State Juvenile Justice Advisory Groups

B.   Juvenile Court Act

C.   Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

D.   Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

A.   that it is individualized and includes graduated sanctions

B.   that all court staff is adequately trained to handle it

C.   that cases are diverted to alternative systems

D.   that victims have access to services they need

A.   home detention

B.   detention center

C.   attention homes

D.   shelter care

A.   revocation

B.   disposition hearing

C.   judicial waiver

D.   statutory exclusion

A.   the cross-examination of witnesses

B.   the sophistication and maturity of the juvenile

C.   the prosecutorial merit of the complaint

D.   the seriousness of the alleged offense to the community

A.   rehabilitation of criminals

B.   fairness for victims in the system

C.   restoration of law and order

D.   change in behavior or attitude

A.   house arrest

B.   Outward Bound

C.   a halfway house

D.   a day-treatment center

A.   right to treatment

B.   right to trial by jury

C.   right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment

D.   right to access to the courts

A.   Station adjustment

B.   Referral to a diversion agency

C.   Detention

D.   Citation and referral to juvenile court

A.   provides the best possible supervision and counseling to the youth

B.   maintains a file on each probationer

C.   conducts a fact-finding study on the youth

D.   screens referral to the court carefully

A.   The "best interest of the child" standard for decision making is followed.

B.   The justice model is used in their adjudicatory and disposition hearings.

C.   Their rights to legal counsel and to intelligently enter a plea are suspended.

D.   They are transferred quickly to the adult court and handled as adults.

A.   strain theory

B.   developmental life-course theory

C.   social control theory

D.   social learning theory

A.   It mandated a determinate sentence of five years for class A felonies, which include firstdegree kidnapping, first-degree arson, and murder.

B.   It mandated that certain court procedures would be open to the public, although the names of juveniles still would remain confidential.

C.   It lowered the age at which waiver could occur to fourteen years old for capital, firstdegree, and aggravated controlled substance felony offenses.

D.   It mandated that the sentence for class A felonies can be extended by at least one year.

A.   Overall, 35 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 59 percent of the retained offenders.

B.   For violent offenders, 16 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 24 percent of the retained offenders.

C.   For drug offenses, 11 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 9 percent of the retained offenders.

D.   For property offenses, 10 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 14 percent of the retained offenders.

A.   recidivism

B.   just deserts

C.   behavioral therapy

D.   guided group interaction

A.   ensuring that an adequate information system is available to evaluate performance

B.   encouraging family members to participate in the development of the youth's intervention plan

C.   providing effective post-dispositions to each youth

D.   ensuring that trials are concluded without continuances

A.   police discretion

B.   search and seizure

C.   cycle of alienation

D.   station adjustment

A.   separate them from their peers

B.   provide treatment

C.   initiate victim restitution

D.   punish their sins