A.   Youthful offenders are sent back to the same communities.

B.   There is a lack of available aftercare programs.

C.   Trained probation officers are not equipped to handle offenders.

D.   There is a lack of trained personnel working as probation officers.

A.   to reduce gang membership

B.   to teach law-related education

C.   to reduce drug use

D.   to improve police-juvenile relations

A.   decriminalization of status offenses

B.   an integrated criminal court with a youth discount

C.   transferring juveniles to the adult court for all proceedings

D.   determinate and mandatory sentencing

A.   zero-dependency on technology

B.   expansion of restorative justice

C.   sparing use of evidence-based practices

D.   drastic modifications in juvenile justice system

A.   American Indian youths are less likely than African American or Asian American youths to be arrested for alcohol offenses.

B.   Juvenile property crime data show that African American youths are less involved in such offenses than white youths.

C.   The rates of juvenile homicide are higher for minorities than for white youthful offenders.

D.   Official data disproves disproportionate involvement in nonlethal violence on the part of African American youths.

A.   Decriminalize status offenses.

B.   Divert youthful offenders from voluntary services into the justice system.

C.   Make training schools safer and more humane.

D.   Limit the enormous discretion granted to juvenile justice practitioners.

A.   aggression replacement training

B.   family-integrated transitions

C.   multisystemic therapy

D.   intensive supervision programs

A.   half-way houses

B.   the cottage system

C.   probation

D.   diversion programs

A.   The constitutional privilege against self-incrimination is as applicable in the case of juveniles as it is with respect to adults.

B.   Juveniles are not entitled to the right of jury trials.

C.   The press may report juvenile court proceedings under certain circumstances.

D.   Juveniles are entitled to proof beyond a reasonable doubt during the adjudication proceedings.

A.   minimum standards for assessing and testing children committed to the state

B.   minimum standards for delivering medical and psychiatric care

C.   minimum standards for delivering vocational education

D.   minimum standards for visitation during solitary confinement

A.   Pena v. New York State Division for Youth

B.   Morales v. Turman

C.   In re Gault

D.   Inmates of the Boys' Training School v. Affleck

A.   state or private training school

B.   day-treatment program

C.   community-based residential program

D.   institutionalization in a mental hospital

A.   a citizen task force formed to deal with a specific gang problem

B.   a permanent police unit specially tasked to work on gang problems

C.   a group of police officers who have all gone undercover to infiltrate gangs

D.   officers temporarily pulled from detective units or juvenile units to work on gangs

A.   filing of a petition

B.   consent decree

C.   informal adjustment

D.   outright dismissal

A.   enabler role

B.   enforcer role

C.   broker role

D.   detector role

A.   Juveniles could not be held in institutions that did not provide for their rehabilitation.

B.   Use of isolation, hand restraints, and tranquilizing drugs must be barred.

C.   Solitary confinement and strip cells should not be used as tools of punishment.

D.   Children require safeguards in juvenile court.

A.   the increased likelihood of juvenile victimization in the adult system

B.   the increased focus on rehabilitation in the adult system

C.   the learning of criminal mores and behaviors in prison

D.   the sense of maturity juveniles feel about being tried and convicted as adults

A.   The juvenile judge should occasionally "put his arm around [the delinquent's] shoulder and draw the lad to him."

B.   The youths brought before the court should be given the same care, supervision, and discipline as would be provided by a good parent.

C.   The lawyers need not accompany the delinquent as the civil proceedings were informal hearings.

D.   reintegration

A.   global positioning system

B.   group monitoring unit

C.   victim notification system

D.   identity verification system

A.   fingerprinting

B.   intervention

C.   interrogation

D.   Miranda reading

A.   ranches and wilderness camps

B.   reception and diagnostic centers

C.   public training schools

D.   boot camps

A.   It is not related to crime.

B.   It is usually studied together with race.

C.   Socioeconomic statistics are not gathered.

D.   Juveniles who get in trouble with the law are usually of the same socioeconomic group.

A.   Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.)

B.   School Program to Educate and Control Drug Abuse (SPECDA)

C.   Law Enforcement Education (LRE)

D.   Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.)

A.   right to a jury trial

B.   double jeopardy

C.   right to notice of charges

D.   right to remain silent

A.   Crime would ultimately be reduced.

B.   The cost of justice would likely be reduced.

C.   The system would be unmanageable.

D.   Crime would likely remain constant

A.   white youth

B.   rural youth

C.   urban youth

D.   lower-class youth

A.   aftercare

B.   dispositional hearing

C.   adjudicatory hearing

D.   petition

A.   Wisconsin system

B.   social study report

C.   restorative justice model

D.   surveillance

A.   Juvenile Court Act

B.   National Coalition of State Juvenile Justice Advisory Groups

C.   Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

D.   Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

A.   that victims have access to services they need

B.   that all court staff is adequately trained to handle it

C.   that it is individualized and includes graduated sanctions

D.   that cases are diverted to alternative systems

A.   shelter care

B.   detention center

C.   home detention

D.   attention homes

A.   statutory exclusion

B.   judicial waiver

C.   disposition hearing

D.   revocation

A.   the prosecutorial merit of the complaint

B.   the sophistication and maturity of the juvenile

C.   the seriousness of the alleged offense to the community

D.   the cross-examination of witnesses

A.   fairness for victims in the system

B.   rehabilitation of criminals

C.   restoration of law and order

D.   change in behavior or attitude

A.   Outward Bound

B.   a halfway house

C.   a day-treatment center

D.   house arrest

A.   right to treatment

B.   right to access to the courts

C.   right to trial by jury

D.   right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment

A.   Detention

B.   Referral to a diversion agency

C.   Citation and referral to juvenile court

D.   Station adjustment

A.   screens referral to the court carefully

B.   provides the best possible supervision and counseling to the youth

C.   maintains a file on each probationer

D.   conducts a fact-finding study on the youth

A.   The justice model is used in their adjudicatory and disposition hearings.

B.   The "best interest of the child" standard for decision making is followed.

C.   They are transferred quickly to the adult court and handled as adults.

D.   Their rights to legal counsel and to intelligently enter a plea are suspended.

A.   social learning theory

B.   developmental life-course theory

C.   strain theory

D.   social control theory

A.   It mandated that the sentence for class A felonies can be extended by at least one year.

B.   It mandated that certain court procedures would be open to the public, although the names of juveniles still would remain confidential.

C.   It mandated a determinate sentence of five years for class A felonies, which include firstdegree kidnapping, first-degree arson, and murder.

D.   It lowered the age at which waiver could occur to fourteen years old for capital, firstdegree, and aggravated controlled substance felony offenses.

A.   For drug offenses, 11 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 9 percent of the retained offenders.

B.   For property offenses, 10 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 14 percent of the retained offenders.

C.   Overall, 35 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 59 percent of the retained offenders.

D.   For violent offenders, 16 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 24 percent of the retained offenders.

A.   recidivism

B.   just deserts

C.   behavioral therapy

D.   guided group interaction

A.   ensuring that trials are concluded without continuances

B.   encouraging family members to participate in the development of the youth's intervention plan

C.   providing effective post-dispositions to each youth

D.   ensuring that an adequate information system is available to evaluate performance

A.   police discretion

B.   cycle of alienation

C.   search and seizure

D.   station adjustment

A.   initiate victim restitution

B.   separate them from their peers

C.   punish their sins

D.   provide treatment