A.   Trained probation officers are not equipped to handle offenders.

B.   There is a lack of available aftercare programs.

C.   There is a lack of trained personnel working as probation officers.

D.   Youthful offenders are sent back to the same communities.

A.   to teach law-related education

B.   to reduce gang membership

C.   to reduce drug use

D.   to improve police-juvenile relations

A.   an integrated criminal court with a youth discount

B.   decriminalization of status offenses

C.   transferring juveniles to the adult court for all proceedings

D.   determinate and mandatory sentencing

A.   expansion of restorative justice

B.   zero-dependency on technology

C.   drastic modifications in juvenile justice system

D.   sparing use of evidence-based practices

A.   Juvenile property crime data show that African American youths are less involved in such offenses than white youths.

B.   The rates of juvenile homicide are higher for minorities than for white youthful offenders.

C.   American Indian youths are less likely than African American or Asian American youths to be arrested for alcohol offenses.

D.   Official data disproves disproportionate involvement in nonlethal violence on the part of African American youths.

A.   Make training schools safer and more humane.

B.   Decriminalize status offenses.

C.   Limit the enormous discretion granted to juvenile justice practitioners.

D.   Divert youthful offenders from voluntary services into the justice system.

A.   aggression replacement training

B.   intensive supervision programs

C.   multisystemic therapy

D.   family-integrated transitions

A.   probation

B.   half-way houses

C.   the cottage system

D.   diversion programs

A.   The constitutional privilege against self-incrimination is as applicable in the case of juveniles as it is with respect to adults.

B.   Juveniles are entitled to proof beyond a reasonable doubt during the adjudication proceedings.

C.   The press may report juvenile court proceedings under certain circumstances.

D.   Juveniles are not entitled to the right of jury trials.

A.   minimum standards for assessing and testing children committed to the state

B.   minimum standards for delivering vocational education

C.   minimum standards for delivering medical and psychiatric care

D.   minimum standards for visitation during solitary confinement

A.   Inmates of the Boys' Training School v. Affleck

B.   In re Gault

C.   Pena v. New York State Division for Youth

D.   Morales v. Turman

A.   community-based residential program

B.   state or private training school

C.   day-treatment program

D.   institutionalization in a mental hospital

A.   a permanent police unit specially tasked to work on gang problems

B.   officers temporarily pulled from detective units or juvenile units to work on gangs

C.   a citizen task force formed to deal with a specific gang problem

D.   a group of police officers who have all gone undercover to infiltrate gangs

A.   consent decree

B.   filing of a petition

C.   outright dismissal

D.   informal adjustment

A.   enforcer role

B.   detector role

C.   enabler role

D.   broker role

A.   Juveniles could not be held in institutions that did not provide for their rehabilitation.

B.   Solitary confinement and strip cells should not be used as tools of punishment.

C.   Children require safeguards in juvenile court.

D.   Use of isolation, hand restraints, and tranquilizing drugs must be barred.

A.   the increased likelihood of juvenile victimization in the adult system

B.   the learning of criminal mores and behaviors in prison

C.   the sense of maturity juveniles feel about being tried and convicted as adults

D.   the increased focus on rehabilitation in the adult system

A.   The juvenile judge should occasionally "put his arm around [the delinquent's] shoulder and draw the lad to him."

B.   reintegration

C.   The lawyers need not accompany the delinquent as the civil proceedings were informal hearings.

D.   The youths brought before the court should be given the same care, supervision, and discipline as would be provided by a good parent.

A.   identity verification system

B.   global positioning system

C.   victim notification system

D.   group monitoring unit

A.   fingerprinting

B.   interrogation

C.   intervention

D.   Miranda reading

A.   ranches and wilderness camps

B.   reception and diagnostic centers

C.   public training schools

D.   boot camps

A.   Juveniles who get in trouble with the law are usually of the same socioeconomic group.

B.   It is usually studied together with race.

C.   Socioeconomic statistics are not gathered.

D.   It is not related to crime.

A.   Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.)

B.   Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.)

C.   School Program to Educate and Control Drug Abuse (SPECDA)

D.   Law Enforcement Education (LRE)

A.   right to a jury trial

B.   right to remain silent

C.   right to notice of charges

D.   double jeopardy

A.   Crime would likely remain constant

B.   Crime would ultimately be reduced.

C.   The system would be unmanageable.

D.   The cost of justice would likely be reduced.

A.   rural youth

B.   urban youth

C.   white youth

D.   lower-class youth

A.   adjudicatory hearing

B.   dispositional hearing

C.   petition

D.   aftercare

A.   restorative justice model

B.   social study report

C.   Wisconsin system

D.   surveillance

A.   National Coalition of State Juvenile Justice Advisory Groups

B.   Juvenile Court Act

C.   Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

D.   Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

A.   that all court staff is adequately trained to handle it

B.   that it is individualized and includes graduated sanctions

C.   that victims have access to services they need

D.   that cases are diverted to alternative systems

A.   attention homes

B.   home detention

C.   detention center

D.   shelter care

A.   disposition hearing

B.   judicial waiver

C.   statutory exclusion

D.   revocation

A.   the sophistication and maturity of the juvenile

B.   the cross-examination of witnesses

C.   the prosecutorial merit of the complaint

D.   the seriousness of the alleged offense to the community

A.   rehabilitation of criminals

B.   change in behavior or attitude

C.   restoration of law and order

D.   fairness for victims in the system

A.   house arrest

B.   a day-treatment center

C.   a halfway house

D.   Outward Bound

A.   right to treatment

B.   right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment

C.   right to trial by jury

D.   right to access to the courts

A.   Detention

B.   Citation and referral to juvenile court

C.   Referral to a diversion agency

D.   Station adjustment

A.   screens referral to the court carefully

B.   conducts a fact-finding study on the youth

C.   maintains a file on each probationer

D.   provides the best possible supervision and counseling to the youth

A.   Their rights to legal counsel and to intelligently enter a plea are suspended.

B.   They are transferred quickly to the adult court and handled as adults.

C.   The "best interest of the child" standard for decision making is followed.

D.   The justice model is used in their adjudicatory and disposition hearings.

A.   social learning theory

B.   social control theory

C.   developmental life-course theory

D.   strain theory

A.   It mandated a determinate sentence of five years for class A felonies, which include firstdegree kidnapping, first-degree arson, and murder.

B.   It lowered the age at which waiver could occur to fourteen years old for capital, firstdegree, and aggravated controlled substance felony offenses.

C.   It mandated that certain court procedures would be open to the public, although the names of juveniles still would remain confidential.

D.   It mandated that the sentence for class A felonies can be extended by at least one year.

A.   For property offenses, 10 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 14 percent of the retained offenders.

B.   For violent offenders, 16 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 24 percent of the retained offenders.

C.   For drug offenses, 11 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 9 percent of the retained offenders.

D.   Overall, 35 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 59 percent of the retained offenders.

A.   recidivism

B.   just deserts

C.   guided group interaction

D.   behavioral therapy

A.   ensuring that an adequate information system is available to evaluate performance

B.   ensuring that trials are concluded without continuances

C.   encouraging family members to participate in the development of the youth's intervention plan

D.   providing effective post-dispositions to each youth

A.   cycle of alienation

B.   station adjustment

C.   search and seizure

D.   police discretion

A.   provide treatment

B.   initiate victim restitution

C.   separate them from their peers

D.   punish their sins