A.   There is a lack of available aftercare programs.

B.   Trained probation officers are not equipped to handle offenders.

C.   There is a lack of trained personnel working as probation officers.

D.   Youthful offenders are sent back to the same communities.

A.   to reduce drug use

B.   to teach law-related education

C.   to improve police-juvenile relations

D.   to reduce gang membership

A.   an integrated criminal court with a youth discount

B.   determinate and mandatory sentencing

C.   transferring juveniles to the adult court for all proceedings

D.   decriminalization of status offenses

A.   zero-dependency on technology

B.   sparing use of evidence-based practices

C.   expansion of restorative justice

D.   drastic modifications in juvenile justice system

A.   Official data disproves disproportionate involvement in nonlethal violence on the part of African American youths.

B.   The rates of juvenile homicide are higher for minorities than for white youthful offenders.

C.   American Indian youths are less likely than African American or Asian American youths to be arrested for alcohol offenses.

D.   Juvenile property crime data show that African American youths are less involved in such offenses than white youths.

A.   Decriminalize status offenses.

B.   Divert youthful offenders from voluntary services into the justice system.

C.   Make training schools safer and more humane.

D.   Limit the enormous discretion granted to juvenile justice practitioners.

A.   multisystemic therapy

B.   intensive supervision programs

C.   family-integrated transitions

D.   aggression replacement training

A.   the cottage system

B.   half-way houses

C.   probation

D.   diversion programs

A.   The press may report juvenile court proceedings under certain circumstances.

B.   The constitutional privilege against self-incrimination is as applicable in the case of juveniles as it is with respect to adults.

C.   Juveniles are not entitled to the right of jury trials.

D.   Juveniles are entitled to proof beyond a reasonable doubt during the adjudication proceedings.

A.   minimum standards for delivering medical and psychiatric care

B.   minimum standards for visitation during solitary confinement

C.   minimum standards for assessing and testing children committed to the state

D.   minimum standards for delivering vocational education

A.   In re Gault

B.   Pena v. New York State Division for Youth

C.   Inmates of the Boys' Training School v. Affleck

D.   Morales v. Turman

A.   institutionalization in a mental hospital

B.   day-treatment program

C.   community-based residential program

D.   state or private training school

A.   a permanent police unit specially tasked to work on gang problems

B.   officers temporarily pulled from detective units or juvenile units to work on gangs

C.   a citizen task force formed to deal with a specific gang problem

D.   a group of police officers who have all gone undercover to infiltrate gangs

A.   informal adjustment

B.   filing of a petition

C.   outright dismissal

D.   consent decree

A.   enabler role

B.   enforcer role

C.   broker role

D.   detector role

A.   Use of isolation, hand restraints, and tranquilizing drugs must be barred.

B.   Solitary confinement and strip cells should not be used as tools of punishment.

C.   Juveniles could not be held in institutions that did not provide for their rehabilitation.

D.   Children require safeguards in juvenile court.

A.   the increased focus on rehabilitation in the adult system

B.   the learning of criminal mores and behaviors in prison

C.   the increased likelihood of juvenile victimization in the adult system

D.   the sense of maturity juveniles feel about being tried and convicted as adults

A.   The lawyers need not accompany the delinquent as the civil proceedings were informal hearings.

B.   reintegration

C.   The youths brought before the court should be given the same care, supervision, and discipline as would be provided by a good parent.

D.   The juvenile judge should occasionally "put his arm around [the delinquent's] shoulder and draw the lad to him."

A.   identity verification system

B.   group monitoring unit

C.   global positioning system

D.   victim notification system

A.   intervention

B.   Miranda reading

C.   fingerprinting

D.   interrogation

A.   ranches and wilderness camps

B.   boot camps

C.   public training schools

D.   reception and diagnostic centers

A.   Juveniles who get in trouble with the law are usually of the same socioeconomic group.

B.   Socioeconomic statistics are not gathered.

C.   It is usually studied together with race.

D.   It is not related to crime.

A.   Law Enforcement Education (LRE)

B.   Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.)

C.   Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.)

D.   School Program to Educate and Control Drug Abuse (SPECDA)

A.   right to remain silent

B.   right to notice of charges

C.   right to a jury trial

D.   double jeopardy

A.   The system would be unmanageable.

B.   Crime would likely remain constant

C.   The cost of justice would likely be reduced.

D.   Crime would ultimately be reduced.

A.   white youth

B.   lower-class youth

C.   rural youth

D.   urban youth

A.   adjudicatory hearing

B.   dispositional hearing

C.   petition

D.   aftercare

A.   restorative justice model

B.   social study report

C.   Wisconsin system

D.   surveillance

A.   Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

B.   National Coalition of State Juvenile Justice Advisory Groups

C.   Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

D.   Juvenile Court Act

A.   that all court staff is adequately trained to handle it

B.   that it is individualized and includes graduated sanctions

C.   that victims have access to services they need

D.   that cases are diverted to alternative systems

A.   detention center

B.   attention homes

C.   home detention

D.   shelter care

A.   statutory exclusion

B.   revocation

C.   judicial waiver

D.   disposition hearing

A.   the seriousness of the alleged offense to the community

B.   the prosecutorial merit of the complaint

C.   the sophistication and maturity of the juvenile

D.   the cross-examination of witnesses

A.   restoration of law and order

B.   fairness for victims in the system

C.   change in behavior or attitude

D.   rehabilitation of criminals

A.   a day-treatment center

B.   Outward Bound

C.   a halfway house

D.   house arrest

A.   right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment

B.   right to trial by jury

C.   right to access to the courts

D.   right to treatment

A.   Detention

B.   Referral to a diversion agency

C.   Station adjustment

D.   Citation and referral to juvenile court

A.   screens referral to the court carefully

B.   conducts a fact-finding study on the youth

C.   maintains a file on each probationer

D.   provides the best possible supervision and counseling to the youth

A.   The "best interest of the child" standard for decision making is followed.

B.   The justice model is used in their adjudicatory and disposition hearings.

C.   They are transferred quickly to the adult court and handled as adults.

D.   Their rights to legal counsel and to intelligently enter a plea are suspended.

A.   social learning theory

B.   developmental life-course theory

C.   strain theory

D.   social control theory

A.   It mandated that certain court procedures would be open to the public, although the names of juveniles still would remain confidential.

B.   It lowered the age at which waiver could occur to fourteen years old for capital, firstdegree, and aggravated controlled substance felony offenses.

C.   It mandated that the sentence for class A felonies can be extended by at least one year.

D.   It mandated a determinate sentence of five years for class A felonies, which include firstdegree kidnapping, first-degree arson, and murder.

A.   For violent offenders, 16 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 24 percent of the retained offenders.

B.   For drug offenses, 11 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 9 percent of the retained offenders.

C.   Overall, 35 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 59 percent of the retained offenders.

D.   For property offenses, 10 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 14 percent of the retained offenders.

A.   recidivism

B.   behavioral therapy

C.   just deserts

D.   guided group interaction

A.   providing effective post-dispositions to each youth

B.   ensuring that an adequate information system is available to evaluate performance

C.   encouraging family members to participate in the development of the youth's intervention plan

D.   ensuring that trials are concluded without continuances

A.   cycle of alienation

B.   police discretion

C.   search and seizure

D.   station adjustment

A.   provide treatment

B.   initiate victim restitution

C.   punish their sins

D.   separate them from their peers