A.   There is a lack of available aftercare programs.

B.   There is a lack of trained personnel working as probation officers.

C.   Trained probation officers are not equipped to handle offenders.

D.   Youthful offenders are sent back to the same communities.

A.   to improve police-juvenile relations

B.   to reduce gang membership

C.   to teach law-related education

D.   to reduce drug use

A.   decriminalization of status offenses

B.   an integrated criminal court with a youth discount

C.   determinate and mandatory sentencing

D.   transferring juveniles to the adult court for all proceedings

A.   zero-dependency on technology

B.   expansion of restorative justice

C.   drastic modifications in juvenile justice system

D.   sparing use of evidence-based practices

A.   Official data disproves disproportionate involvement in nonlethal violence on the part of African American youths.

B.   American Indian youths are less likely than African American or Asian American youths to be arrested for alcohol offenses.

C.   Juvenile property crime data show that African American youths are less involved in such offenses than white youths.

D.   The rates of juvenile homicide are higher for minorities than for white youthful offenders.

A.   Decriminalize status offenses.

B.   Limit the enormous discretion granted to juvenile justice practitioners.

C.   Divert youthful offenders from voluntary services into the justice system.

D.   Make training schools safer and more humane.

A.   family-integrated transitions

B.   intensive supervision programs

C.   aggression replacement training

D.   multisystemic therapy

A.   probation

B.   diversion programs

C.   the cottage system

D.   half-way houses

A.   Juveniles are entitled to proof beyond a reasonable doubt during the adjudication proceedings.

B.   The constitutional privilege against self-incrimination is as applicable in the case of juveniles as it is with respect to adults.

C.   The press may report juvenile court proceedings under certain circumstances.

D.   Juveniles are not entitled to the right of jury trials.

A.   minimum standards for visitation during solitary confinement

B.   minimum standards for delivering medical and psychiatric care

C.   minimum standards for assessing and testing children committed to the state

D.   minimum standards for delivering vocational education

A.   Inmates of the Boys' Training School v. Affleck

B.   In re Gault

C.   Morales v. Turman

D.   Pena v. New York State Division for Youth

A.   day-treatment program

B.   community-based residential program

C.   institutionalization in a mental hospital

D.   state or private training school

A.   a citizen task force formed to deal with a specific gang problem

B.   officers temporarily pulled from detective units or juvenile units to work on gangs

C.   a permanent police unit specially tasked to work on gang problems

D.   a group of police officers who have all gone undercover to infiltrate gangs

A.   consent decree

B.   outright dismissal

C.   informal adjustment

D.   filing of a petition

A.   broker role

B.   enforcer role

C.   enabler role

D.   detector role

A.   Children require safeguards in juvenile court.

B.   Solitary confinement and strip cells should not be used as tools of punishment.

C.   Juveniles could not be held in institutions that did not provide for their rehabilitation.

D.   Use of isolation, hand restraints, and tranquilizing drugs must be barred.

A.   the learning of criminal mores and behaviors in prison

B.   the sense of maturity juveniles feel about being tried and convicted as adults

C.   the increased focus on rehabilitation in the adult system

D.   the increased likelihood of juvenile victimization in the adult system

A.   reintegration

B.   The youths brought before the court should be given the same care, supervision, and discipline as would be provided by a good parent.

C.   The juvenile judge should occasionally "put his arm around [the delinquent's] shoulder and draw the lad to him."

D.   The lawyers need not accompany the delinquent as the civil proceedings were informal hearings.

A.   victim notification system

B.   global positioning system

C.   identity verification system

D.   group monitoring unit

A.   intervention

B.   fingerprinting

C.   interrogation

D.   Miranda reading

A.   public training schools

B.   ranches and wilderness camps

C.   reception and diagnostic centers

D.   boot camps

A.   It is usually studied together with race.

B.   Socioeconomic statistics are not gathered.

C.   Juveniles who get in trouble with the law are usually of the same socioeconomic group.

D.   It is not related to crime.

A.   Law Enforcement Education (LRE)

B.   School Program to Educate and Control Drug Abuse (SPECDA)

C.   Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.)

D.   Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.)

A.   double jeopardy

B.   right to a jury trial

C.   right to notice of charges

D.   right to remain silent

A.   Crime would likely remain constant

B.   Crime would ultimately be reduced.

C.   The system would be unmanageable.

D.   The cost of justice would likely be reduced.

A.   rural youth

B.   white youth

C.   lower-class youth

D.   urban youth

A.   adjudicatory hearing

B.   petition

C.   dispositional hearing

D.   aftercare

A.   social study report

B.   surveillance

C.   Wisconsin system

D.   restorative justice model

A.   National Coalition of State Juvenile Justice Advisory Groups

B.   Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

C.   Juvenile Court Act

D.   Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

A.   that it is individualized and includes graduated sanctions

B.   that cases are diverted to alternative systems

C.   that victims have access to services they need

D.   that all court staff is adequately trained to handle it

A.   attention homes

B.   shelter care

C.   detention center

D.   home detention

A.   disposition hearing

B.   statutory exclusion

C.   revocation

D.   judicial waiver

A.   the cross-examination of witnesses

B.   the prosecutorial merit of the complaint

C.   the seriousness of the alleged offense to the community

D.   the sophistication and maturity of the juvenile

A.   fairness for victims in the system

B.   rehabilitation of criminals

C.   restoration of law and order

D.   change in behavior or attitude

A.   Outward Bound

B.   house arrest

C.   a halfway house

D.   a day-treatment center

A.   right to access to the courts

B.   right to trial by jury

C.   right to treatment

D.   right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment

A.   Detention

B.   Referral to a diversion agency

C.   Station adjustment

D.   Citation and referral to juvenile court

A.   provides the best possible supervision and counseling to the youth

B.   screens referral to the court carefully

C.   conducts a fact-finding study on the youth

D.   maintains a file on each probationer

A.   Their rights to legal counsel and to intelligently enter a plea are suspended.

B.   The "best interest of the child" standard for decision making is followed.

C.   The justice model is used in their adjudicatory and disposition hearings.

D.   They are transferred quickly to the adult court and handled as adults.

A.   social control theory

B.   developmental life-course theory

C.   strain theory

D.   social learning theory

A.   It lowered the age at which waiver could occur to fourteen years old for capital, firstdegree, and aggravated controlled substance felony offenses.

B.   It mandated a determinate sentence of five years for class A felonies, which include firstdegree kidnapping, first-degree arson, and murder.

C.   It mandated that certain court procedures would be open to the public, although the names of juveniles still would remain confidential.

D.   It mandated that the sentence for class A felonies can be extended by at least one year.

A.   For property offenses, 10 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 14 percent of the retained offenders.

B.   For violent offenders, 16 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 24 percent of the retained offenders.

C.   Overall, 35 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 59 percent of the retained offenders.

D.   For drug offenses, 11 percent of the transferred offenders reoffended, compared with 9 percent of the retained offenders.

A.   guided group interaction

B.   behavioral therapy

C.   recidivism

D.   just deserts

A.   ensuring that an adequate information system is available to evaluate performance

B.   ensuring that trials are concluded without continuances

C.   encouraging family members to participate in the development of the youth's intervention plan

D.   providing effective post-dispositions to each youth

A.   search and seizure

B.   cycle of alienation

C.   police discretion

D.   station adjustment

A.   punish their sins

B.   separate them from their peers

C.   initiate victim restitution

D.   provide treatment