Soc 497 - Research Methods » Fall 2019 » Midterm Examination 2

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Question #1
Which of the following drugs, first made in Germany in the 1880s, was widely distributed to soldiers by the American military during World War II?
A.   methamphetamines
B.   heroin
C.   amphetamines
D.   cocaine
Question #2
According to Albert Cohen's theory, which of the following encourages development of delinquent subcultures in schools?
A.   status deprivation
B.   incompetent teachers
C.   inadequate parents
D.   lenient rules
Question #3
Which of the following contends that adolescent girls' victimization at home causes them to become delinquent?
A.   power-control theory
B.   social learning theory
C.   feminist theory of delinquency
D.   interactionist theory of delinquency
Question #4
Which of the following is NOT a principle that Widom recommended to reduce the extent of child abuse?
A.   "The earlier the intervention, the better."
B.   "Surveillance is a double-edged sword."
C.   "Interventions are not one-time efforts."
D.   "One size fits all."
Question #5
________ are relatively weak predictors of violence for both younger and older youth.
A.   Substance abuse and history of violence
B.   Low SES and abusive parents
C.   Broken homes and abusive parents
D.   Gang involvement and gun ownership
Question #6
Gang members who are strongly attached to the gang and have few interests outside the gang are known as ________.
A.   associates
B.   veterans
C.   regulars
D.   peripherals
Question #7
Which of the following is the basis of Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin's theory about the origins of juvenile gangs?
A.   Lower-class boys interact with and gain support from other alienated individuals.
B.   Joining a gang is part of the experience male adolescents need to grow up to adulthood.
C.   Gang delinquency represents a subcultural and collective solution to the problem faced by lower-class boys.
D.   Violent delinquent gangs arise out of conditions that encourage the development of a sociopathic personality in adolescents.
Question #8
Which of the following is based on the assumption that the juvenile justice system does NOT see most serious offenders until it is too late to effectively intervene?
A.   tertiary prevention programs
B.   training schools
C.   juvenile aftercare
D.   violence prevention programs
Question #9
Which of the following is NOT one of the standards for evidence-based education listed by the State Education Resource Center?
A.   parent/community involvement
B.   curriculum independent of learning expectations
C.   supportive, personalized, and relevant learning
D.   monitoring, accountability, and assessment
Question #10
According to biological and constitutional explanations, which of the following is a biopsychological vulnerability factor relating to delinquency of girls?
A.   late pubertal maturation
B.   attention deficit disorder
C.   matriarchal family relations
D.   intellectual accomplishments
Question #11
The relocation of gang members with their families from one city to another is called ________.
A.   moving
B.   shifting
C.   migration
D.   transporting
Question #12
________, a synthetic drug, was originally concentrated in California and has spread widely to other states.
A.   Ecstasy
B.   Marijuana
C.   Heroin
D.   Crank
Question #13
What did the U.S. Supreme Court rule in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette?
A.   School authorities do not have the right to deny free speech unless it interferes with school operations.
B.   Students could not be compelled to salute the flag if it violates their religious rights.
C.   Due process requires a student to receive notice and opportunity for a hearing.
D.   A student's right to style his or her hair is protected under the right to privacy.
Question #14
According to the text, who controls drug trafficking in urban settings?
A.   adult gang members
B.   adult suppliers independent of gang affiliations
C.   juveniles independent of gang affiliations
D.   juvenile male gang members
Question #15
According to statistical findings, which of the following children make up the largest percentage of victims?
A.   African American
B.   White
C.   Hispanic
D.   Asian
Question #16
Which of the following is NOT a conclusion that a protective service agency draws following the initial investigation?
A.   Parents should be prosecuted in criminal court.
B.   There is sufficient evidence to support the allegation of maltreatment.
C.   There is insufficient evidence to support maltreatment.
D.   Maltreatment or the risk of maltreatment appears to be present.
Question #17
________ is an approach designed to reduce the harm done to youths by drug use and by the severe penalties resulting from drug use and sales.
A.   Prevention programs
B.   War on drugs
C.   Drug courts
D.   Harm reduction
Question #18
According to Lee Bowker and Malcolm Klein, which of the following plays a major role in determining the gang membership and juvenile delinquency of women and girls in urban ghettos?
A.   impact of racism, sexism, poverty, and limited opportunity structures
B.   personality variables, relations with spouses, and unlimited opportunities
C.   relations with parents and problems associated with heterosexual behavior
D.   personality variables and problems associated with homosexual behavior
Question #19
Which of the following is NOT an agreement among experts regarding prevention?
A.   high-risk behaviors are independent, so prevention programs should have narrow and specific goals.
B.   each community requires a package of services that involve community-wide planning
C.   no one solution exists to the delinquency prevention problem
D.   the timing of interventions is critical in achieving a successful outcome
Question #20
Denise Kandel and colleagues suggest that youths who become addicted to or dependent on drugs are more likely to ________.
A.   raid their parent's drug supplies
B.   reach a turning point and stop using drugs
C.   cause injury to themselves to steal drugs from medical facilities
D.   commit crimes to maintain their drug supply
Question #21
Which of the following is TRUE regarding females in delinquent gangs?
A.   Female gangs are generally not violent in nature.
B.   Female gang members are not involved in the planning of gang activities.
C.   Female gang members never participate in violent crimes.
D.   Girls receive no emotional fulfillment from their involvement in gang activity.
Question #22
Involvement in ________ is one of the strongest predictors of violence for younger youth and the weakest for older youth.
A.   truancy
B.   violence
C.   substance abuse
D.   gangs
Question #23
Which of the following children are NOT at a greater risk of victimization?
A.   children who were reported by educational personnel
B.   children reported to be victims of sexual abuse
C.   children with allegations of multiple types of maltreatment
D.   children with a disciplined family background
Question #24
Angela Browne and David Finkelhor's review of the literature on sexual abuse revealed that abuse by ________ has a more negative impact than abuse by others.
A.   father/stepfather
B.   brother
C.   mother
D.   sister
Question #25
The ________ explains the onset and escalation of adolescents' drug use by claiming that a bleak economic environment for certain disenfranchised groups has created a generation of young adults in urban inner cities who regularly experience doubt, hopelessness, and uncertainty.
A.   stress relief theory
B.   social disorganization theory
C.   addictive personality theory
D.   social development model
Question #26
What is the leading problem in implementing parent-training programs?
A.   cost of implementation
B.   finding places to train parents
C.   the recruitment and retention of parents
D.   recruiting volunteers to train parents
Question #27
Which of the following states that children learn delinquent behavior through being exposed to others and by mimicking or modeling others' actions?
A.   strain theory
B.   cultural deviance theory
C.   labeling theory
D.   conflict theory
Question #28
The philosophy of ________ is that instead of quickly turning over youth to the justice system, the community should deal with its own problems and intervene on behalf of its youth.
A.   Positive Youth Development
B.   Life Skills Training (LST)
C.   Chicago Area Project
D.   Functional Family Therapy (FFT)
Question #29
According to studies, which of the following behaviors is more likely to be exhibited by children who are rejected by their parents?
A.   oppressiveness
B.   parental attachment
C.   submissiveness
D.   delinquency
Question #30
Which of the following suggests that girls' misbehavior can be controlled by inculcating values and attitudes, whereas more direct controls may be necessary to control boys' deviance?
A.   power-control theory
B.   labeling theory
C.   differential association theory
D.   interactionist theory
Question #31
Which of the following programs is a three-year curriculum designed to prevent or reduce the use of "gateway" drugs, such as tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana.
A.   Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS)
B.   Multisystemic Therapy (MST)
C.   Project toward No Drug Abuse (Project TND)
D.   Life Skills Training (LST)
Question #32
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor related to delinquency and drug use?
A.   living in an affluent neighborhood
B.   academic failure
C.   perinatal difficulties
D.   poor family management practices
Question #33
Which of the following is a finding of studies undertaken to improve the quality of the school experience?
A.   Tracking systems should be used when and where possible.
B.   Schools must stick to fixed hour schedules.
C.   Good teaching is one of the first lines of defense against misbehavior.
D.   Education must be oriented toward the entire group rather than an individual.
Question #34
Which of the following programs believes all girls should have the opportunity to fulfill their potential and are encouraged to develop their culture and take pride in their core values.
A.   Outward Bound
B.   Yale Child Welfare Project
C.   the Step Up Program
D.   Project Northland
Question #35
Which of the following is TRUE according to Pam Patton?
A.   Girls develop their identity in relation to the world, whereas boys develop their identity in relation to other people.
B.   Girls focus on independence and autonomy, whereas boys focus on connectedness and interdependence.
C.   Girls resolve conflict based on relationships, whereas boys resolve conflict based on rules.
D.   Girls exhibit overaggression, whereas boys exhibit relational aggression.
Question #36
Which of the following is NOT a major organizational characteristic of urban gangs?
A.   leadership
B.   gang intimidation
C.   role expectations and sanctions
D.   gang migration
Question #37
According to Richard Gelles, which of the following is a consistent conclusion of domestic violence research?
A.   There is hardly any relationship between neglect and abuse.
B.   Those abused in childhood will turn away from child abuse.
C.   Most child abusers were brought up in a disciplined family environment.
D.   Those abused in childhood will turn abusers.
Question #38
Michael F. de Vries argued that ________ is the heart of why African Americans find gang associations worthwhile.
A.   subcultural affiliation
B.   social disorganization theory
C.   strain theory
D.   underclass theory
Question #39
During the 1990s, the belief emerged that the most effective strategy for juvenile corrections is to place the thrust of prevention and diversion emphasis on ________.
A.   high-risk juveniles who commit violent acts.
B.   low-risk juveniles who have not committed crime
C.   high-risk juveniles who have not committed crime
D.   high-risk juveniles who commit property crimes.
Question #40
Which of the following had the disastrous result of incarcerating many minority youths involved in selling or using crack cocaine for extended periods of time?
A.   the war on drugs
B.   Project Alert
C.   Life Skills Training
D.   Project Toward No Drug Abuse
Question #41
Which of the following views school as a means by which the privileged classes maintain power over the lower classes?
A.   radical theory
B.   social control theory
C.   strain theory
D.   cultural deviance theory
Question #42
Butyl nitrite, gasoline, and paint thinners can typically produce feelings of excitement followed by disorientation when they are ________.
A.   ingested
B.   inhaled
C.   injected
D.   absorbed
Question #43
Which of the following is NOT a frequently cited benefit of joining a gang?
A.   monetary profits from drugs
B.   enhanced prestige or status
C.   excitement
D.   opportunities to engage in political and social activism
Question #44
Which theory posits that children who do poorly in school or who believe they have little chance of graduation are most likely to commit delinquent acts?
A.   labeling theory
B.   culture theory
C.   drift theory
D.   blocked opportunity theory
Question #45
Which is NOT one of Chesney-Lind's four propositions of the feminist theory of delinquency?
A.   As girls run away from home, they become involved in various forms of crime.
B.   On streets, girls get involved in criminal activities that exploit their sexuality.
C.   Victimizers utilize official agencies to keep victims vulnerable.
D.   Girls involved in criminal activity are rarely the victims of sexual abuse.
Question #46
Which of the following statements regarding children with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender parents is TRUE?
A.   They are more likely to be sexually abused.
B.   They show conspicuous differences in their male and female behaviors (gender role behavior).
C.   They are more likely to be gay than children with heterosexual parents.
D.   They do not reveal differences in the adjustment and development.
Question #47
Which of the following types of gang leadership assign no written duties or titles to their leadership positions, but usually have two to four members who are considered the leaders of the group?
A.   commission type
B.   vertical type
C.   horizontal type
D.   influential type
Question #48
Studies on sexually abused victims suggest that prostitution is a way for sexually abused female victims to ________.
A.   take control of others by making them pay
B.   increase their livelihood
C.   reduce the shame
D.   leave the home environment
Question #49
Which of the following is NOT a general characteristic of violence prevention programs?
A.   provide youth with adequate supervision and support
B.   address key areas of risk in youth's lives
C.   offer youth a long-term stay in the community
D.   aim to fix the psychological issues contributing to delinquency.
Question #50
Which of the following is NOT a link in Travis Hirschi's causal chain?
A.   dislike of school
B.   poor parental performance
C.   academic incompetence
D.   rejection of school's authority
Question #51
Which of the following is NOT an abuse suffered by adolescent females in the juvenile justice system?
A.   inappropriate touching, pushing, and hitting by staff
B.   withholding of food
C.   placement in isolation for trivial reasons
D.   strip-searched in the presence of male officers
Question #52
Which of the following is NOT consistent with the findings of the landmark study of girls in the classroom undertaken by the American Association of University Women?
A.   High school girls are obsessed with achievement.
B.   High school girls have intense mother-daughter patterns of communication.
C.   High school girls are obsessed with popularity based on external characteristics.
D.   High school girls are obsessed with physical appearance.
Question #53
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of at-risk adolescent females?
A.   stories of victimization
B.   stable family life
C.   mental health and substance abuse problems
D.   school failure
Question #54
The ________ theory provides an explanation for the onset and continued use of drugs by stating that the typical addict suffers from some deep-rooted emotional problem.
A.   social control
B.   social disorganization
C.   addictive personality
D.   stress relief
Question #55
Which of the following intervention programs is a family- and home-based treatment model that is based on research demonstrating the multidimensional causes of delinquent behavior?
A.   Strengthening Families Program
B.   Adolescent Transitions Program
C.   Multisystemic Therapy
D.   Functional Family Therapy
Question #56
Gangs use younger and smaller members to ________.
A.   deal cocaine out of cramped "rock houses
B.   recruit female
C.   steal bicycles
D.   steal guns from stores
Question #57
Which of the following theories states that delinquency is likely to result when a strong bond to school does NOT develop?
A.   conflict theory
B.   cultural deviance theory
C.   social control theory
D.   labeling theory
Question #58
A gang member who has older brothers or fathers in the gang is referred to as ________.
A.   coerced-in
B.   blessed-in
C.   jumped-it
D.   blood-in

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