A.   Segmentation

B.   Logistics

C.   Targeting

D.   Branding

A.   A firm's product designer

B.   A firm's top management

C.   A retailer of the firm

D.   A firm's middle management

A.   True

B.   False

A.   Number of intangible services in a purchase transaction

B.   Number of intermediaries required to reach a customer

C.   Number of tangible products in a purchase transaction

D.   Number of component suppliers for a stock product

A.   False

B.   True

A.   A lathe machine

B.   A computer server

C.   A bar of soap

D.   Liquid nitrogen

A.   A manufacturer using push strategies concentrates on intangible services, while a manufacturer using pull strategies concentrates on tangible products.

B.   A manufacturer using push strategies concentrates on channel partners, while a manufacturer using pull strategies concentrates on customers.

C.   A manufacturer using push strategies concentrates on B2B customers, while a manufacturer using pull strategies concentrates on B2C customers.

D.   A manufacturer using push strategies relies on word-of-mouth referrals, while a manufacturer using pull strategies relies on valid forecasts.

A.   False

B.   True

A.   compares a manufacturer's processes with those of its competitors' and ranks them accordingly.

B.   considers channel members' production costs and governance costs, both of which are ideally minimized.

C.   considers the effect of a policy, program, project, activity, or event on the economy of a given are

D.   compares the inherent risks of a situation to its related benefits and helps arrive at a decision.

A.   True

B.   False

A.   a firm's top management and middle management fail to agree on a product's feature.

B.   a manufacturer, based on a monthly sales target, rewards its intermediaries.

C.   a firm's top management and suppliers fail to agree on a raw material's price revision.

D.   a manufacturer and its intermediaries expect to earn a profit from the same transaction.

A.   A manufacturer takes up the product's distribution responsibilities in forward integration, while a manufacturer controls raw material inputs in backward integration.

B.   Forward integration deals with the internal or micro-environmental factors of a firm, while backward integration deals with the external or macro-environmental factors of a firm.

C.   Forward integration deals with tangible goods and perishable services, while backward integration deals with perishable goods and intangible services.

D.   The number of intermediaries in a forward integration process is greater than the number of intermediaries in a backward integration process.

A.   False

B.   True

A.   convenience stores

B.   branded store chains

C.   mass merchandisers

D.   specialty stores

A.   True

B.   False