Psychology 041 - Life Span Psychology From Infancy to Old Age » Spring 2023 » Second Midterm

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Question #1
Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response is called
A.   classical conditioning.
B.   information processing.
C.   cognition.
D.   operant conditioning.
Question #2
Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences is called
A.   cognition.
B.   operant conditioning.
C.   classical conditioning.
D.   information processing
Question #3
Which of the following is Piaget's stage of cognitive development during infancy?
A.   sensorimotor
B.   preoperational
C.   formal operational
D.   concrete operational
Question #4
The sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory of development includes what age group?
A.   birth to two years old
B.   two to eight years old
C.   eight to twelve years old
D.   twelve to eighteen years old
Question #5
Infants learn about themselves and their world through their developing sensory and motor activity in which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?  
A.   post-formal
B.   sensorimotor
C.   formal
D.   operational
Question #6
What is the term used to describe the mutual interactions with adults that help shape children’s activities?
A.   guided participation
B.   graded participation
C.   led participation
D.   structured participation
Question #7
Baby Kevin is presented with a bright red rattle. After several seconds of looking at the rattle, he loses interest.  Kevin is then presented with a bright green rattle and his attention returns to a high level.  What term describes Kevin’s loss of interest in the red rattle?
A.   habituation
B.   a novelty preference
C.   dishabituation
D.   a familiarity preference
Question #8
According to Noam Chomsky's theory, what do children have that enables them to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear?
A.   a cultural adaptation model
B.   a syntax detector
C.   a language acquisition device
D.   a sensory register
Question #9
The study of the basic mechanics of learning and how behavior changes in response to experience is of interest to developmental psychologists who take which theoretical approach to human development?
A.   social-contextual
B.   behavioral
C.   psychometric
D.   cognitive
Question #10
The goals of psychometric testing are to measure the factors that make up intelligence and the results of that measurement, 
A.   qualitatively.
B.   quota numbers.
C.   questioningly.
D.   quantitatively.
Question #11
Goodness of fit describes the match between a person’s temperament and his or her
A.   environment.
B.   personality.
C.   behavior.
D.   emotion.
Question #12
What is a relatively stable individual difference suggested by research, perhaps because it is largely inborn and strongly influenced by genetics?
A.   temperance
B.   temperament
C.   tenacity
D.   tolerance
Question #13
The classic, laboratory-based technique designed to assess attachment patterns between an infant and an adult is called 
A.   The Stranger Danger dynamic.
B.   The Strange Situation.
C.   The Secure Attachment methodology.
D.   The Ambivalence Situation.
Question #14
Erik Erikson argued that our first challenge as babies involves the issue of
A.   identity.
B.   generativity.
C.   belonging.
D.   trust.
Question #15
The stage of developing trust begins in infancy and continues until about
A.   36 months of age.
B.   2 years of age.
C.   18 months of age.
D.   3 years of age.
Question #16
Babies with which type of attachment are flexible and resilient in the face of stress?  
A.   ambivalent
B.   avoidant
C.   secure
D.   disorganized-disoriented
Question #17
What is the process by which infant and caregiver can communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately?
A.   Mutual regulation
B.   Social referencing
C.   Internalization
D.   Intergenerational transmission
Question #18
Attachment theory was developed by
A.   Watson and Skinner.
B.   Bowlby and Ainsworth.
C.   Kohlberg and Gilligan.
D.   Erikson and Piaget.
Question #19
If a baby feels comfortable as long as his or her mother is around, then he or she would be described by Ainsworth as being
A.   avoidantly attached.
B.   ambivalently attached.
C.   disorganizedly attached.
D.   securely attached.
Question #20
Eric Erikson’s second crisis, which begins at eighteen months of age and ends at about three years of age, is called
A.   integrity versus despair.
B.   autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C.   trust versus basic mistrust.
D.   identity versus role confusion.
Question #21
Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others is called 
A.   private speech.
B.   literate speech
C.   pragmatic speech.
D.   social speech.
Question #22
What is a phoneme?
A.   the combination of consonants and vowels in speech
B.   the smallest unit of sound a given language recognizes
C.   the combination of phrases that lead to discourse
D.   the smallest unit of sound with recognizable meaning
Question #23
You are opening a daycare center and want to help develop fine motor skills in children. Which of the following would be a good aide?
A.   balls to throw
B.   thin pens and pencils
C.   a ball to bounce
D.   a jump rope
Question #24
Paul attempted to draw shapes. One shape gave him a hard time, namely, a triangle. This shape has sharper corners and connections, which could require greater skills in which area?
A.   locomotor
B.   fine motor
C.   ambimotor
D.   gross motor
Question #25
Bradley is four years old.  He performs a conservation task. Bradley has difficulty completing the task because he is in which Piagetian stage of cognitive development?
A.   concrete operations
B.   formal operations
C.   preoperational
D.   sensorimotor
Question #26
What is a morpheme?
A.   the smallest unit of sound a given language recognizes
B.   the combination of consonants and vowels in speech
C.   the combination of phrases that lead to discourse
D.   the smallest unit of sound with recognizable meaning
Question #27
Five-year-old Seth was just presented with a conservation-of-liquid task. After agreeing that both glasses have the same amount of liquid and then the liquid from one glass is poured into a taller glass, when asked if both glasses now contain the same amount of water, or if one contains more, Seth is likely to say, 
A.   "the short glass has more".
B.   "both glasses have the same".
C.   "the tall glass has more".
D.   "the third glass is full".
Question #28
Putting information into a mental folder for filing in our memory is called
A.   decoding.
B.   uncoding.
C.   encoding.
D.   recoding.
Question #29
A gap between what a child is already able to do and what he or she is not quite ready to accomplish alone is called 
A.   the zone of processing development.
B.   the zone of progressive development.
C.   the zone of proximate development.
D.   the zone of proximal development.
Question #30
When a child is able to speak while intending the words to be understood by a listener, he or she is showing an aspect of
A.   literate speech.
B.   social speech.
C.   private speech.
D.   pragmatic speech.
Question #31
Frank is having a great time repeatedly bouncing a ball down the sidewalk.  Frank is taking part in which type of play?  
A.   functional
B.   constructive
C.   dramatic
D.   pretend
Question #32
Children’s play environments are affected by what adults set up for them, the frequency of their play, and the form of their play, which are all related to what type of values?
A.   cooperative
B.   communicative
C.   cultural
D.   comparative
Question #33
Ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child is best called the 
A.   withdrawal of compassion.
B.   withdrawal of care.
C.   withdrawal of attention.
D.   withdrawal of love.
Question #34
The pioneering research of which researcher was BEST known for studying various parenting styles in families?
A.   Jean Piaget
B.   Sigmund Freud
C.   Diana Baumrind
D.   Albert Bandura
Question #35
A parenting style with an emphasis on control and unquestioning obedience is called 
A.   authoritarian parenting.
B.   permissive parenting.
C.   permissive parenting.
D.   authoritative parenting.
Question #36
Without being told, Fran has noticed that her friend Katie needs her blue crayon and she shares it readily in an act of
A.   aptitude.
B.   attitude.
C.   altitude.
D.   altruism.
Question #37
Mitchell does not wish to hurt his brother, John, but he pushes John to get the toy tractor John is playing with in their backyard.  Mitchell is demonstrating what type of aggression?
A.   instrumental
B.   innovative
C.   independent
D.   initiative
Question #38
Physical or verbal aggression that is openly directed at a target is called 
A.   relational aggression.
B.   internal aggression.
C.   instrumental aggression.
D.   overt aggression.
Question #39
Which of the following types of child maltreatment occurs most often?
A.   emotional abuse
B.   neglect
C.   physical abuse
D.   sexual abuse
Question #40
Which type of child maltreatment is characterized by a failure to provide for the child's basic needs?
A.   emotional abuse
B.   neglect
C.   physical abuse
D.   sexual abuse
Question #41
Which of the following is not a feature of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
A.   a short attention span
B.   impulsive, disorganized behavior
C.   restlessness
D.   the ability to pay close attention to many details
Question #42
Andrew loves to line up all of his cars and trucks by size.  Andrew has accomplished an understanding of the concept of
A.   seriation.
B.   inclusion.
C.   inference.
D.   conservation.
Question #43
Mimi recognizes her brain has the capacity to allow her to memorize her multiplication tables.  Mimi is demonstrating the use of  
A.   math thinking.
B.   cognitive distortion.
C.   metamemory.
D.   meta multiplication.
Question #44
A school program for gifted children that deepens the learned knowledge and skills with extra classroom activities is called 
A.   an intellectual program.
B.   an enrichment program.
C.   a brain learning program.
D.   an aptitude program.
Question #45
Linda loves the outdoors. She is interested in different types of plants and flowers and also likes digging for fossils and old artifacts.  Linda is most likely strong in which type of intelligence?
A.   kinesthetic
B.   logical
C.   naturalist
D.   linguistic
Question #46
  
A.   logical
B.   spatial
C.   kinesthetic
D.   linguistic
Question #47
Leslie is people smart.  She is good at reading the feelings and emotions of others and can predict other people's intentions.  According to Howard Gardner, for which occupation is Leslie well suited?
A.   critic
B.   social worker
C.   tour guide
D.   author
Question #48
Tina believes she can master her schoolwork and enjoys her learning.  She demonstrates high
A.   self-elaboration.
B.   self-effort.
C.   self-efficiency.
D.   self-efficacy.
Question #49
Playing baseball would be an example of which type of play?  
A.   dramatic play
B.   functional play
C.   constructive play
D.   formal games with rules
Question #50
A main criterion for giftedness is a high general intelligence, which is shown by an IQ score of 
A.   100
B.   130 or higher.
C.   70
D.   90

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