18-year-old Brian was recently psychiatrically hospitalized due to experiencing command hallucinations – he was hearing voices commanding him to harm himself. After a thorough assessment, he is prescribed antipsychotic medication. 

Jane continues to find herself in romantic relationships where she feels unheard and highly criticized. In therapy, the focus is on exploring Jane’s early childhood experiences. The focus ultimately lands on Jane’s experiences with her mother, and she begins to experience the therapist as hostile and critical.   What model is being described, and what term best describes what is happening between Jane and the therapist? 

Jay’s clinician notes that Jay has incredibly low self-esteem, which he relates to Jay’s father’s very high expectations during childhood. Jay has explained that in order to be given any praise or hear “I love you,” Jay needed to exceed expectations. The clinician spends several weeks providing Jay with unconditional positive regard, warmth, and authenticity as the primary intervention in hopes of providing a space whereby Jay can feel safe enough to acknowledge the "undesirable" parts of himself. 

During therapy, a client is asked to describe any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind. What technique is this, and what model does it come from? 

Jordan is a 43-year-old male with an extensive early trauma history. His therapist views his current symptoms as the result of chronic stress and long-term elevated cortisol levels. Which model best describes this therapists approach?

Alex discloses feeling very sad lately, and expresses feeling hopeless about anything changing.

Julie enjoys dressing up in costumes and walking along the beach.

Fred is starting to entertain fantasies about kidnapping his neighbor at gunpoint, so that he can be in control and have someone to talk to who can't reject him.

Rocio's depression has been worsening. She called out of work 4 days this week because she is having trouble getting the motivation to get out of bed.

Paymon recently escaped an abusive relationship, and her ex-partner is still searching for her with the intent to harm her as a consequence for leaving