A.   The largest unity of geologic time, spanning billions of years and divided into subunits called eras, periods, and epochs.

B.   Periods characterized by low global temperatures and the expansion of ice sheets on Earth’s surface.

C.   A word used to describe species that are currently alive today.

D.   Mineralized copies of organisms or activity imprints.

A.   A word used to describe species that are currently alive today.

B.   Mineralized copies of organisms or activity imprints

C.   Single-celled marine organisms with shells.

D.   Fossilized poop.

A.   The process by which the pressure of sediments squeeze extra water out of decaying remains and replace the voids that appear with minerals from the surrounding soil and groundwater.

B.   A relative dating method that analyzes the absorption of fluorine in bones from the surrounding soils.

C.   A chronometric dating method that uses the annual growth of trees to build a timeline into the past.

D.   The scientific law that states that rock and soil are deposited in layers, with the youngest layers on top and the oldest layers on the bottom.

A.   Mineralized copies of organisms or activity imprints.

B.   When a fossil is embedded in a substance, such as igneous rock.

C.   The smallest units of geologic time, spanning thousands to millions of years.

D.   A word used to describe species that are currently alive today.

A.   A specimen of human remains that is naturally mummified by extreme low temperatures.

B.   Periods characterized by low global temperatures and the expansion of ice sheets on Earth’s surface.

C.   Mineralized copies of organisms or activity imprints.

D.   Matter that cannot be broken down into smaller matter.

A.   A relative dating method that is based on ordered layers that build up over time.

B.   Core samples taken from lake beds or other water sources for analysis of their pollen

C.   Variants of elements that spontaneously change into stable isotopes over time.

D.   Fossilized remains of activity such as footprints

A.   The theoretical perspective that the geologic processes observed today are the same as the processes operating in the past.

B.   Core samples taken from lake beds or other water sources for analysis of their pollen

C.   The study of what happens to an organism after death

D.   The process of transforming the atom by spontaneously releasing energy.

A.   How an organism moves around.

B.   A flattened area of the ischium on the pelvis over which calluses form; functioning as seat pads for sitting and resting atop branches.

C.   A form of locomotion in which the organism swings below branches using the forelimbs

D.   Bony projection at the elbow end of the ulna.

A.   The bumps on the chewing surface of the premolars and molars, which can be quite sharp in some species.

B.   A grouping based on overall similarity in lifestyle, appearance, and behavior.

C.   The number of each type of tooth in one quadrant of the mouth, written as number of incisors: canines: premolars: molars.

D.   Having different types of teeth.

A.   A space between the teeth, usually for large canines to fit when the mouth is closed.

B.   A trait that is useful for a wide range of tasks.

C.   Being able to see only blues and greens.

D.   Having a diet consisting primarily of gums and saps.

A.   When two or more taxa share characteristics because they inherited them from a common ancestor.

B.   Bony projection at the elbow end of the ulna.

C.   Refers to an organism’s pace of growth, reproduction, lifespan, etc.

D.   Having five digits or fingers and toes.

A.   A trait that has been inherited from a distant ancestor.

B.   Having the ability to see reds, yellows, blues, greens, and ultraviolet.

C.   Wet noses; produced when the nose is connected to the upper lip.

D.   Sharpened ridges that connect cusps on a bilophodont molar.

A.   The relationship between a symbol and its referent (meaning), in which there is no obvious connection between them.

B.   The behavior of rubbing scent glands or urine onto objects as a way of communicating with others.

C.   When a species exhibits sex differences in morphology, behavior, hormones, and/or coloration.

D.   Bony projection at the elbow end of the ulna.

A.   The transmission of behavior from one generation to the next through observation and imitation.

B.   A description of non-aggressive social interactions and associations between individuals.

C.   The idea that two species that compete for the exact same resources cannot coexist

D.   A variety of speech. The term is often applied to a subordinate variety of a language. Speakers of two dialects of the same language do not necessarily always understand each other.

A.   To leave one’s group or area. This may or may not involve entering another group

B.   Members of the same species.

C.   The ability of all individuals of the species to both send and receive messages; a feature of some species’ communication systems

D.   Two or more species that do not overlap in geographic distribution.

A.   Emigrating from the group into which one is born.

B.   A way of describing which male(s) and female(s) mate.

C.   The killing of infants of one’s own species.

D.   The length of time between successive births.

A.   Associations between two or more different species involving behavioral changes by at least one of the associated species

B.   A mating system in which multiple males mate with a single breeding female.

C.   A mating system in which one male mates with multiple females.

D.   A mating system in which multiple males mate with multiple females.

A.   When males and females of a species have different morphological traits.

B.   When males and females of a species have similar morphological traits.

C.   An individual’s genetic contribution to future generations.

D.   All living organisms that occur in an area that includes primates.

A.   Area of the hindquarters that change in size, shape and often color over the course of a female’s reproductive cycle, reaching maximum size at ovulation.

B.   When males and females of a species have different morphological traits.

C.   Competition between sperm of two or more different males to fertilize the same egg.

D.   The selection for traits that increase mating success. This occurs via intersexual selection and intrasexual selection.

A.   Order: Primates. True primates or primates of modern aspect

B.   Group containing all of the descendants of a single ancestor

C.   Group containing monkeys and apes, including humans.

D.   Group containing catarrhines, platyrrhines, and tarsiers.

A.   Group containing catarrhines, platyrrhines, and tarsiers.

B.   Taxa are basal to a given crown group but are more closely related to the crown group than to the closest living sister taxon of the crown group.

C.   Order: Primates; Superfamily: Omomyoidea.

D.   Space between adjacent teeth.

A.   Smallest monophyletic group (clade) containing a specified set of extant taxa and all descendants of their last common ancestor.

B.   The ecological interaction between whole groups of species (e.g., primates) with whole groups of other species.

C.   A subsistence system based on the small-scale cultivation of crops intended primarily for the direct consumption of the household or immediate community

D.   The independent evolution of a morphological feature in animals not closely related.

A.   Dental condition where at least one of the lower cheek-teeth (molars or premolars) is a laterally compressed blade.

B.   The features that allow you to recognize a group.

C.   Dental condition found in modern strepsirrhines in which the lower incisors and canines are laterally compressed and protrude forward at a nearly horizontal inclination.

D.   The ecological interaction between whole groups of species with whole groups of other species.

A.   Modern humans and any extinct relatives more closely related to us than to chimpanzees.

B.   Group containing catarrhines, platyrrhines, and tarsiers.

C.   Order: Primates; Superfamily: Omomyoidea. One of the earliest groups of euprimates (true primates; earliest record in the early Eocene).

D.   Group containing monkeys and apes, including humans.

A.   Space between adjacent teeth.

B.   Dental condition in which the cusps of molar teeth form ridges (or lophs) separated from each other by valleys.

C.   Dental condition found in modern strepsirrhines in which the lower incisors and canines are laterally compressed and protrude forward at a nearly horizontal inclination

D.   The rounded bony floor of the middle ear cavity.