A.   Earliest stone-tool industry consisting of simple flakes and choppers.

B.   An object or being that has human characteristics.

C.   A thickened area along the top of the skull.

D.   Tool industry characterized by teardrop-shaped stone handaxes flaked on both sides.

A.   Different characteristics evolve at different rates and appear at different stages.

B.   An object or being that has human characteristics.

C.   Geological epoch dating from 2.6 million years ago to about 11,000 years ago.

D.   Religious systems that recognize several gods.

A.   A ridge on the occipital bone in the back of the skull.

B.   Microscopic ridges on the surface of tooth enamel that serve as markers of tooth development.

C.   Condition where the lower face and jaw protrude forward from a vertical plane.

D.   A thickened area along the top of the skull.

A.   Tool industry characterized by teardrop-shaped stone handaxes flaked on both sides.

B.   Microscopic ridges on the surface of tooth enamel that serve as markers of tooth development.

C.   A thickened area along the top of the skull.

D.   A ridge on the occipital bone in the back of the skull.

A.   Different characteristics evolve at different rates and appear at different stages

B.   Condition where the lower face and jaw protrude forward from a vertical plane

C.   Microscopic ridges on the surface of tooth enamel that serve as markers of tooth development.

D.   A thickened area along the top of the skull.

A.   A dental formal only found in the Greater Apes.

B.   Having a rounded appearance. Increased globularity of the braincase is a trait of modern Homo sapiens.

C.   The developmental milestone reached by typical humans during prepubescence.

D.   Damage to tooth enamel due to the waste products of built-up bacteria. Known in the general public as cavities.

A.   Having a smooth and slender quality; the opposite of robust.

B.   A handheld spear thrower that increased the force of thrown projectiles.

C.   A small group of people living together as foragers.

D.   Having a rounded appearance. Increased globularity of the braincase is a trait of modern Homo sapiens.

A.   The idea that modern Homo sapiens evolved as a complex web of small regional populations with sporadic gene flow among them

B.   Current theory of modern human origins stating that the species evolved first in Africa and interbred with archaic humans of Europe and Asia.

C.   An explanation for the origin or history of the world.

D.   Theory that people were genetically isolated in Beringia before expanding to the Americas.

A.   Human organization without strict ranks. Foraging societies tend to be more egalitarian than those based on other subsistence strategies.

B.   A concept developed by society that is maintained over time through social interactions that make the idea seem “real.”

C.   Differences in the traits that occur in populations across a geographical area.

D.   People in a society who claim a distinct identity for themselves based on shared cultural characteristics and ancestry.

A.   Composed from a mix or composite of traits.

B.   Time period following the Middle Stone Age with a diversification in tool types, starting around 50,000 years ago.

C.   The eastern coast of the Mediterranean.

D.   Time of rapid change to human cultures due to the invention of agriculture, starting around 12,000 years ago.

A.   Theory that modern H. sapiens expanded from East Africa by crossing the Red Sea and following the coast east across Asia.

B.   Theory that the first Paleoindians crossed to the Americas by following the southern coast of Beringia.

C.   Current theory of modern human origins stating that the species evolved first in Africa and interbred with archaic humans of Europe and Asia.

D.   Theory that modern Homo sapiens evolved simultaneously in Africa, Asia, and Europe from archaic populations.

A.   The time 23,000 years ago when the most recent ice age was the most intense.

B.   Time period known for Mousterian lithics that connects African archaic to modern Homo sapiens

C.   Time of rapid change to human cultures due to the invention of agriculture, starting around 12,000 years ago.

D.   Time period following the Middle Stone Age with a diversification in tool types, starting around 50,000 years ago.

A.   The increase of population density as people settled together in cities.

B.   Theory that modern Homo sapiens expanded from Africa to cover the rest of the world without interacting with archaic humans.

C.   Time of rapid change to human cultures due to the invention of agriculture, starting around 12,000 years ago.

D.   The rapid change in global climate, especially a cooling of the Northern Hemisphere, 13,000 years ago.

A.   The field of grouping organisms into those of shared ancestry.

B.   A group of species or taxa with a shared common ancestor.

C.   A newly evolved trait, or differing from that seen in the ancestor.

D.   Differences in the traits that occur in populations across a geographical area.

A.   A technique to describe the number of incisors, canines, premolars and molars in each quadrant of the mouth.

B.   The highly mineralized outer layer of the tooth.

C.   The “bumps” on the teeth.

D.   A Gap between the incisors and canines.

A.   An organism with extremely large dentition compared with body size.

B.   A primate which includes humans and our fossil relatives and, in more recent definitions, other Great Apes.

C.   A primate which includes humans and our fossil relatives since our divergence from extant Great Apes.

D.   The hypothetical final ancestor (or ancestral population) of two or more taxa before their divergence.

A.   The study of the form or size and shape of things (in this case, skeletal parts).

B.   An organism with extremely large dentition compared with body size.

C.   The study of phylogeny.

D.   A taxon or group of taxa descended from a common ancestor which is not shared with another taxon or group.

A.   A taxon or group of taxa descended from a common ancestor which is not shared with another taxon or group.

B.   The study of the evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms

C.   The concept that evolutionary change does not occur homogeneously throughout the body in organisms.

D.   An environment from a period in the Earth’s geological past.

A.   The earliest described archaeological period, whereby we start seeing stone tool technology.

B.   A single specimen from which a species or taxon is described or named.

C.   The concept that evolutionary change does not occur homogeneously throughout the body in organisms.

D.   A period of milder climate in between two glacials.

A.   Mutations that occur in the protein-coding region of the genome and result in a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein produced.

B.   DNA that originates from sources outside of the specimen you are trying to sequence.

C.   This is the process of exchange of DNA between two strands to produce new sequence arrangements.

D.   A form of ancient DNA in which DNA originates from the specimen being examined.

A.   DNA that originates from sources outside of the specimen you are trying to sequence.

B.   Mutations that occur in the protein-coding region of the genome and result in a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein produced.

C.   Mutations that occur in the protein-coding region of the genome and result in a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein produced.

D.   This is the process of exchange of DNA between two strands to produce new sequence arrangements.

A.   A distinctive technique of stone tool manufacturing used by archaic Homo sapiens, including Neanderthals.

B.   A natural clay pigment mixed with ferric oxide and clay and sand. Ranges in color from brown to red to orange.

C.   The outside, or rough outer covering, of a rock. Usually the cortex is removed during the process of stone tool creation.

D.   The stone tool industry of Neanderthals and their contemporaries in Africa and Western Asia.

A.   A colundular sample of soil and sediments that can be analyzed to study plant and animal presence in a location, or more broadly to determine a regional environment.

B.   A measure of how many genes within a diploid genome are made up of more than the same variant for a gene.

C.   A form of dwarfism that occurs when a limited geographic region, such as an island, causes a largebodied animal to be selected for a smaller body size.

D.   This is the movement of genes from one species to the gene pool of another species through hybridization between the species and backcross into the parental population by hybrid offspring.

A.   The stone tool industry of Neanderthals and their contemporaries in Africa and Western Asia.

B.   A distinctive technique of stone tool manufacturing used by archaic Homo sapiens, including Neanderthals.

C.   The outside, or rough outer covering, of a rock. Usually the cortex is removed during the process of stone tool creation.

D.   The series of steps a food takes from location where it is produced to the store where it is sold to consumers.

A.   A measure of how many genes within a diploid genome are made up of more than the same variant for a gene.

B.   Mutations that occur in the protein-coding region of the genome and result in a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein produced

C.   A set of genetic variants located on a single stretch of the genome.

D.   These are changes that also occur in the protein-coding region of the genome but don’t result in a change in amino acid sequence of the protein being produced.