Anthropology 101 - Human Biological Evolution » Winter 2020 » Text No. 2
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Question #1
Relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include:
A.
a reduced number of teeth.
B.
an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands
C.
smaller eye orbits.
D.
a larger brain.
Question #2
The eminent British anatomist Sir Wilfrid E. Le Gros Clark (1895–1971) identified three prominent tendencies. They are:
A.
arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.
B.
increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.
C.
the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.
D.
the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.
Question #3
The typical catarrhine dental formula is:
A.
2 / 1 / 3 / 3
B.
1 / 1 / 2 / 3.
C.
2 / 1 / 2 / 3.
D.
3 / 1 / 2 / 3.
Question #4
Prehensile tails are:
A.
made strictly of muscle.
B.
present in catarrhine primates.
C.
present in most primates.
D.
present only in some platyrrhines.
Question #5
Living lemurs are found only in:
A.
Africa.
B.
South America.
C.
Madagascar.
D.
Asia.
Question #6
Arboreal adaptation is:
A.
adaptation to life in the savanna.
B.
the ability to move on four limbs.
C.
adaptation to life in the trees.
D.
the ability to brachiate.
Question #7
Modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations, including:
A.
short digits.
B.
opposable thumbs.
C.
an expanded reliance on sense of smell.
D.
a precision grip.
Question #8
African monkeys, including Miss Waldron’s red colobus, are:
A.
not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos
B.
among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources
C.
a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.
D.
among the most endangered animal species due to disease
Question #9
You are reading a scientific paper regarding the relationships of the anatomical and behavioral characteristics of chimpanzees and their implications for early hominid evolution. You note that the authors refer to human ancestors as hominids. This implies that the researchers are relying on:
A.
anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.
B.
None of the answers
C.
cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.
D.
genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.
Question #10
Altruistic behavior:
A.
occurs only between primates that are not relatives.
B.
is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.
C.
is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.
D.
is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.
Question #11
Sociality among primates is likely the result of which of the following selective pressures?
A.
predation
B.
adaptive radiation
C.
niche competition
D.
habitat
Question #12
Three key factors that contribute to a female primate’s success at feeding are
A.
speed, agility, and strength.
B.
source, quantity, and safety.
C.
cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.
D.
quality, distribution, and availability of food.
Question #13
Predator-specific vocalizations in Diana monkeys vary based on:
A.
individual factors, as in humans.
B.
conditioning in the lab by primatologists.
C.
the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.
D.
emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.
Question #14
Sexual dimorphism:
A.
determines male and female social hierarchy.
B.
is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.
C.
relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.
D.
tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.
Question #15
Male primates most often compete for mates while female primates compete for other resources, demonstrating that:
A.
males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring
B.
reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.
C.
reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.
D.
primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.
Question #16
Primate societies are complexly organized. This means:
A.
several species of primates coexist socially.
B.
some primate societies are male only.
C.
within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.
D.
some primate societies are female only.
Question #17
Male reproductive strategies emphasize:
A.
avoiding violence against competitors for female access.
B.
engaging in care of young
C.
avoiding risk-taking behavior.
D.
competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.
Question #18
To reconstruct and interpret evolutionary changes, it is crucial to place each fossil in time. This is called a(n):
A.
era.
B.
chronological sequence.
C.
phylogeny.
D.
period.
Question #19
If fossil species A is consistently recovered from geological deposits beneath layers containing fossil species B, then A is considered older than B. This relative dating technique is based on the principle of:
A.
superposition.
B.
fluorine analysis.
C.
paleomagnetism.
D.
geolayering.
Question #20
Fission track dating can provide dates when used on which type of material?
A.
sedimentary rock
B.
igneous rock
C.
bone
D.
shell
Question #21
Scientists can determine the type of plant consumed based on:
A.
carbon 13 and carbon 12.
B.
carbon 14.
C.
radioisotopes
D.
index fossils.
Question #22
Most of the fossils discovered in Africa come from the eastern and southern parts of the continent. Why is this?
A.
Many villagers in these areas gather fossils to sell
B.
These areas provided better preservation.
C.
More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.
D.
Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life
Question #23
During the Holocene artifacts like _______ began to appear.
A.
bones and teeth
B.
wooden objects
C.
shells
D.
ceramics
Question #24
What is the most important variable in reconstructing ancient climate?
A.
temperature estimated using any of several methods
B.
sea levels
C.
isotope ratios
D.
weather
Question #25
A mummy is discovered whose tomb includes cloth, food, and other organic remains. What dating method would most likely be used to date the tomb?
A.
biostratigraphy
B.
carbon 14
C.
electron spin resonance
D.
dendrochronology
Question #26
Eras are:
A.
divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in “Stone Age
B.
divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.
C.
the time frames during which a certain fossil species existed.
D.
any time periods in the past.
Question #27
Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates were:
A.
adapids.
B.
dryopithecids.
C.
proconsulids.
D.
plesiadapiforms.
Question #28
The calcaneus (heel bone) of Eosimias suggests that it may be a very primitive:
A.
ape.
B.
anthropoid.
C.
New World monkey.
D.
primate.
Question #29
The visual predation hypothesis proposes that:
A.
species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.
B.
better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects
C.
primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals
D.
predators had the ability to see primates better.
Question #30
Sivapithecus is widely recognized as an ancestral member of which ape lineage?
A.
gibbon
B.
chimpanzee
C.
orangutan
D.
gorilla
Question #31
Plesiadapiforms are also called:
A.
proprimates.
B.
proconsulids.
C.
adapids.
D.
dryopithecids
Question #32
Apes went extinct in southern Europe (including France, Spain, Italy, and Greece) during the late Miocene, probably as a result of:
A.
a disease pandemic.
B.
early humans hunting them for food.
C.
a meteor impact.
D.
climate change.
Question #33
A rapid temperature increase about 55 mya created tropical conditions around the world, resulting in the:
A.
development of Dryopithecus.
B.
extinction of many primate species.
C.
adaptive radiation of Euprimates.
D.
spread of Sivapithecus
Question #34
The most distinctive feature of ape dentition, which clearly distinguishes apes from Old World monkeys, is:
A.
a 2-1-2-3 dental formula
B.
a long canine tooth in males.
C.
a Y-5 molar pattern.
D.
bilophodont molars.
Question #35
Basal anthropoids are
A.
Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.
B.
Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.
C.
Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.
D.
Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates
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