Anthropology 101 - Human Biological Evolution » Winter 2020 » Text No. 2

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Question #1
Relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include:
A.   an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands
B.   a reduced number of teeth.
C.   a larger brain.
D.   smaller eye orbits.
Question #2
The eminent British anatomist Sir Wilfrid E. Le Gros Clark (1895–1971) identified three prominent tendencies. They are:
A.   the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.
B.   increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.
C.   arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.
D.   the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.
Question #3
The typical catarrhine dental formula is:
A.   1 / 1 / 2 / 3.
B.   3 / 1 / 2 / 3.
C.   2 / 1 / 2 / 3.
D.   2 / 1 / 3 / 3
Question #4
Prehensile tails are:
A.   made strictly of muscle.
B.   present only in some platyrrhines.
C.   present in catarrhine primates.
D.   present in most primates.
Question #5
Living lemurs are found only in:
A.   South America.
B.   Madagascar.
C.   Africa.
D.   Asia.
Question #6
Arboreal adaptation is:
A.   the ability to move on four limbs.
B.   adaptation to life in the savanna.
C.   adaptation to life in the trees.
D.   the ability to brachiate.
Question #7
Modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations, including:
A.   opposable thumbs.
B.   an expanded reliance on sense of smell.
C.   short digits.
D.   a precision grip.
Question #8
African monkeys, including Miss Waldron’s red colobus, are:
A.   among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources
B.   a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.
C.   among the most endangered animal species due to disease
D.   not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos
Question #9
You are reading a scientific paper regarding the relationships of the anatomical and behavioral characteristics of chimpanzees and their implications for early hominid evolution. You note that the authors refer to human ancestors as hominids. This implies that the researchers are relying on:
A.   cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.
B.   anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.
C.   genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.
D.   None of the answers
Question #10
Altruistic behavior:
A.   occurs only between primates that are not relatives.
B.   is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.
C.   is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.
D.   is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.
Question #11
Sociality among primates is likely the result of which of the following selective pressures?
A.   niche competition
B.   habitat
C.   adaptive radiation
D.   predation
Question #12
Three key factors that contribute to a female primate’s success at feeding are
A.   cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.
B.   quality, distribution, and availability of food.
C.   speed, agility, and strength.
D.   source, quantity, and safety.
Question #13
Predator-specific vocalizations in Diana monkeys vary based on:
A.   individual factors, as in humans.
B.   emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.
C.   the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.
D.   conditioning in the lab by primatologists.
Question #14
Sexual dimorphism:
A.   determines male and female social hierarchy.
B.   tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.
C.   is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.
D.   relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.
Question #15
Male primates most often compete for mates while female primates compete for other resources, demonstrating that:
A.   primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.
B.   males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring
C.   reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.
D.   reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.
Question #16
Primate societies are complexly organized. This means:
A.   some primate societies are female only.
B.   several species of primates coexist socially.
C.   within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.
D.   some primate societies are male only.
Question #17
Male reproductive strategies emphasize:
A.   avoiding risk-taking behavior.
B.   competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.
C.   engaging in care of young
D.   avoiding violence against competitors for female access.
Question #18
To reconstruct and interpret evolutionary changes, it is crucial to place each fossil in time. This is called a(n):
A.   period.
B.   chronological sequence.
C.   era.
D.   phylogeny.
Question #19
If fossil species A is consistently recovered from geological deposits beneath layers containing fossil species B, then A is considered older than B. This relative dating technique is based on the principle of:
A.   geolayering.
B.   fluorine analysis.
C.   superposition.
D.   paleomagnetism.
Question #20
Fission track dating can provide dates when used on which type of material?
A.   bone
B.   shell
C.   sedimentary rock
D.   igneous rock
Question #21
Scientists can determine the type of plant consumed based on:
A.   carbon 14.
B.   carbon 13 and carbon 12.
C.   index fossils.
D.   radioisotopes
Question #22
Most of the fossils discovered in Africa come from the eastern and southern parts of the continent. Why is this?
A.   Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life
B.   Many villagers in these areas gather fossils to sell
C.   These areas provided better preservation.
D.   More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.
Question #23
During the Holocene artifacts like _______ began to appear.
A.   ceramics
B.   wooden objects
C.   shells
D.   bones and teeth
Question #24
What is the most important variable in reconstructing ancient climate?
A.   weather
B.   isotope ratios
C.   sea levels
D.   temperature estimated using any of several methods
Question #25
A mummy is discovered whose tomb includes cloth, food, and other organic remains. What dating method would most likely be used to date the tomb?
A.   electron spin resonance
B.   carbon 14
C.   dendrochronology
D.   biostratigraphy
Question #26
Eras are:
A.   divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in “Stone Age
B.   any time periods in the past.
C.   the time frames during which a certain fossil species existed.
D.   divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.
Question #27
Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates were:
A.   dryopithecids.
B.   proconsulids.
C.   adapids.
D.   plesiadapiforms.
Question #28
The calcaneus (heel bone) of Eosimias suggests that it may be a very primitive:
A.   ape.
B.   anthropoid.
C.   New World monkey.
D.   primate.
Question #29
The visual predation hypothesis proposes that:
A.   better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects
B.   species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.
C.   predators had the ability to see primates better.
D.   primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals
Question #30
Sivapithecus is widely recognized as an ancestral member of which ape lineage?
A.   orangutan
B.   chimpanzee
C.   gibbon
D.   gorilla
Question #31
Plesiadapiforms are also called:
A.   proconsulids.
B.   dryopithecids
C.   proprimates.
D.   adapids.
Question #32
Apes went extinct in southern Europe (including France, Spain, Italy, and Greece) during the late Miocene, probably as a result of:
A.   early humans hunting them for food.
B.   climate change.
C.   a disease pandemic.
D.   a meteor impact.
Question #33
A rapid temperature increase about 55 mya created tropical conditions around the world, resulting in the:
A.   development of Dryopithecus.
B.   spread of Sivapithecus
C.   extinction of many primate species.
D.   adaptive radiation of Euprimates.
Question #34
The most distinctive feature of ape dentition, which clearly distinguishes apes from Old World monkeys, is:
A.   a 2-1-2-3 dental formula
B.   a long canine tooth in males.
C.   bilophodont molars.
D.   a Y-5 molar pattern.
Question #35
Basal anthropoids are
A.   Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates
B.   Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.
C.   Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.
D.   Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.

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