Anthropology 101 - Human Biological Evolution » Winter 2020 » Text No. 2

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Question #1
Relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include:
A.   a larger brain.
B.   a reduced number of teeth.
C.   an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands
D.   smaller eye orbits.
Question #2
The eminent British anatomist Sir Wilfrid E. Le Gros Clark (1895–1971) identified three prominent tendencies. They are:
A.   the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.
B.   the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.
C.   increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.
D.   arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.
Question #3
The typical catarrhine dental formula is:
A.   1 / 1 / 2 / 3.
B.   2 / 1 / 2 / 3.
C.   2 / 1 / 3 / 3
D.   3 / 1 / 2 / 3.
Question #4
Prehensile tails are:
A.   present in most primates.
B.   made strictly of muscle.
C.   present in catarrhine primates.
D.   present only in some platyrrhines.
Question #5
Living lemurs are found only in:
A.   Madagascar.
B.   Africa.
C.   South America.
D.   Asia.
Question #6
Arboreal adaptation is:
A.   the ability to move on four limbs.
B.   adaptation to life in the savanna.
C.   adaptation to life in the trees.
D.   the ability to brachiate.
Question #7
Modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations, including:
A.   short digits.
B.   a precision grip.
C.   an expanded reliance on sense of smell.
D.   opposable thumbs.
Question #8
African monkeys, including Miss Waldron’s red colobus, are:
A.   not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos
B.   among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources
C.   a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.
D.   among the most endangered animal species due to disease
Question #9
You are reading a scientific paper regarding the relationships of the anatomical and behavioral characteristics of chimpanzees and their implications for early hominid evolution. You note that the authors refer to human ancestors as hominids. This implies that the researchers are relying on:
A.   None of the answers
B.   cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.
C.   anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.
D.   genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.
Question #10
Altruistic behavior:
A.   is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.
B.   occurs only between primates that are not relatives.
C.   is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.
D.   is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.
Question #11
Sociality among primates is likely the result of which of the following selective pressures?
A.   adaptive radiation
B.   habitat
C.   predation
D.   niche competition
Question #12
Three key factors that contribute to a female primate’s success at feeding are
A.   cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.
B.   speed, agility, and strength.
C.   source, quantity, and safety.
D.   quality, distribution, and availability of food.
Question #13
Predator-specific vocalizations in Diana monkeys vary based on:
A.   the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.
B.   conditioning in the lab by primatologists.
C.   individual factors, as in humans.
D.   emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.
Question #14
Sexual dimorphism:
A.   tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.
B.   relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.
C.   is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.
D.   determines male and female social hierarchy.
Question #15
Male primates most often compete for mates while female primates compete for other resources, demonstrating that:
A.   males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring
B.   primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.
C.   reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.
D.   reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.
Question #16
Primate societies are complexly organized. This means:
A.   within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.
B.   some primate societies are male only.
C.   some primate societies are female only.
D.   several species of primates coexist socially.
Question #17
Male reproductive strategies emphasize:
A.   engaging in care of young
B.   avoiding risk-taking behavior.
C.   competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.
D.   avoiding violence against competitors for female access.
Question #18
To reconstruct and interpret evolutionary changes, it is crucial to place each fossil in time. This is called a(n):
A.   phylogeny.
B.   era.
C.   chronological sequence.
D.   period.
Question #19
If fossil species A is consistently recovered from geological deposits beneath layers containing fossil species B, then A is considered older than B. This relative dating technique is based on the principle of:
A.   paleomagnetism.
B.   fluorine analysis.
C.   geolayering.
D.   superposition.
Question #20
Fission track dating can provide dates when used on which type of material?
A.   shell
B.   bone
C.   igneous rock
D.   sedimentary rock
Question #21
Scientists can determine the type of plant consumed based on:
A.   index fossils.
B.   carbon 14.
C.   radioisotopes
D.   carbon 13 and carbon 12.
Question #22
Most of the fossils discovered in Africa come from the eastern and southern parts of the continent. Why is this?
A.   These areas provided better preservation.
B.   More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.
C.   Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life
D.   Many villagers in these areas gather fossils to sell
Question #23
During the Holocene artifacts like _______ began to appear.
A.   bones and teeth
B.   wooden objects
C.   ceramics
D.   shells
Question #24
What is the most important variable in reconstructing ancient climate?
A.   sea levels
B.   temperature estimated using any of several methods
C.   isotope ratios
D.   weather
Question #25
A mummy is discovered whose tomb includes cloth, food, and other organic remains. What dating method would most likely be used to date the tomb?
A.   biostratigraphy
B.   dendrochronology
C.   electron spin resonance
D.   carbon 14
Question #26
Eras are:
A.   any time periods in the past.
B.   divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.
C.   divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in “Stone Age
D.   the time frames during which a certain fossil species existed.
Question #27
Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates were:
A.   adapids.
B.   dryopithecids.
C.   proconsulids.
D.   plesiadapiforms.
Question #28
The calcaneus (heel bone) of Eosimias suggests that it may be a very primitive:
A.   ape.
B.   New World monkey.
C.   primate.
D.   anthropoid.
Question #29
The visual predation hypothesis proposes that:
A.   better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects
B.   predators had the ability to see primates better.
C.   primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals
D.   species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.
Question #30
Sivapithecus is widely recognized as an ancestral member of which ape lineage?
A.   chimpanzee
B.   gorilla
C.   gibbon
D.   orangutan
Question #31
Plesiadapiforms are also called:
A.   proprimates.
B.   proconsulids.
C.   dryopithecids
D.   adapids.
Question #32
Apes went extinct in southern Europe (including France, Spain, Italy, and Greece) during the late Miocene, probably as a result of:
A.   early humans hunting them for food.
B.   a disease pandemic.
C.   a meteor impact.
D.   climate change.
Question #33
A rapid temperature increase about 55 mya created tropical conditions around the world, resulting in the:
A.   development of Dryopithecus.
B.   adaptive radiation of Euprimates.
C.   spread of Sivapithecus
D.   extinction of many primate species.
Question #34
The most distinctive feature of ape dentition, which clearly distinguishes apes from Old World monkeys, is:
A.   bilophodont molars.
B.   a 2-1-2-3 dental formula
C.   a long canine tooth in males.
D.   a Y-5 molar pattern.
Question #35
Basal anthropoids are
A.   Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.
B.   Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.
C.   Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates
D.   Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.

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