In contrast to present time, the three most common causes of death in the USA in 1900 were … (choose one best answer)

Breast cancer screening is an example of secondary prevention:

Zika is a disease caused by a virus that spreads to people mostly from the bites of a special type of mosquito, Aedes mosquito (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..  Such transmission is an example of (choose one best answer):

In nineteenth century London, Dr. John Snow, different from Registrar General William Farr, believed... (choose one best answer)

Edward Jenner was an important historical figure in epidemiology for his research on cholera vaccination (choose one best answer).

The occurrence of a disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy on several continent or worldwide is referred to as: (choose one best answer)

Which conditions must be met for herd immunity to exist? (choose one best answer)

One way in which sequential and simultaneous testing differ is that... (choose one best answer)

Disease is a result of interaction between the host, the vector and the environment. (mark as True or False)

During a foodborne outbreak the illness is transmitted through … (choose one best answer)

A cohort consisted of 1,921,260 individuals, of whom during initial examination 1,887,060 did not have diabetes and 34,200 had type 2 diabetes. What type of measure of disease occurence can be calculated using information described above. (choose one best answer)

A cohort consisted of 1,921,260 individuals, of whom during initial examination 1,887,060 did not have diabetes and 34,200 had type 2 diabetes. Calculate appropriate measure of disease occurence using information described above. Use multiplier 1,000. Show calculations for credit.

Calculate the risk of illness (attack rates) among persons who ate each food item, i.e. potato salad, tuna salad and chicken wrap. Use 100 multiplier (i.e. present the result as a percentage). Show calculations for credit.

Which one of the food items from the previous question (potato salad, tuna salad or chicken wrap) is more likely responsible for the outbreak of gastroenteritis in this population and why?

Calculate the case-fatality (CF) rate for Ebola outbreak in Zaire in 2014-2016. Use multiplier 100 (i.e. present the result as a percentage). Show all calculations for credit.

In 1949 one of the most important cohort studies was started, the Framingham study. 5,000 residents were enrolled into the study. At the initial examination 80 of 5,000 were identified as having heart disease. Are cases described above incident or prevalent cases?

In 1949 one of the most important cohort studies was started, the Framingham study. 5,000 residents were enrolled into the study. At the initial examination 80 of 5,000 were identified as having heart disease. Calculate the measure of disease occurence that can be derived from the presented data based on your answer on the previous question. Use multiplier 1,000. Show calculations for credit.

Why the measure of disease occurence calculated above is important (at least one reason)?

In 1949 one of the most important cohort studies was started, the Framingham study. 5,000 residents were enrolled into the study. At the initial examination 80 of 5,000 were identified as having heart disease. After the initial examination eligible subjects of the Framingham study were followed for 5 years to determine the frequency of the development of heart disease: 220 of these subjects developed heart disease over this time period. Are the 220 cases described above incident or prevalent cases?

In 1949 one of the most important cohort studies was started, the Framingham study. 5,000 residents were enrolled into the study. At the initial examination 80 of 5,000 were identified as having heart disease. After the initial examination eligible subjects of the Framingham study were followed for 5 years to determine the frequency of the development of heart disease: 220 of these subjects developed heart disease over this time period. Calculate the measure of disease occurence based on your answer on the previous question. Use multiplier 10,000. Show calculations for credit.

Why the measure of disease occurence calculated above is important (at least one reason)?

Total number of deaths from all causes in a town X with population 300,000 was 260. There were also 240 cases of a disease Q observed. 24 died of a disease Q. Calculate mortality ratio in this population. Use multiplier 10,000. Show calculations for credit.

The screening test in laboratory has 98% sensitivity and 99% specificity. In real world test results could not be replicated. Can this test considered to be reliable? (Circle one best answer)

Percent agreement between two or more observers is the first step in calculation of kappa statistics and represents observed percent agreement. (Mark as True or False)

Kappa Statistic measures… (choose one best answer)

You are given information about the number of people in each of the age categories in populations A and B and the total number of deaths in each population. In addition, you are given the number of people and the number of deaths in each of the age categories in the standard population. What type of adjustment of death rates should be performed given information in the table below? (Choose the best answer)

Intrasubject variability refers to variation in reading test results by different readers. (Mark as True or False)

Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) is used to compare mortality rates in two or more populations using indirect adjustment of rates? (Mark as True or False)

You are given information about the number of people and the number of deaths in each of the age categories in populations A and B. You also have the standard population and the number of people in each of the age categories in it. What type of adjustment of rates can be performed given information above? (Choose the best answer)

If sensitivity and specificity of the test remain unchanged what will happen with PPV and NPV if the prevalence of the disease increases?

The broader definition of epidemiology is “the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and...” (choose one best answer),,