A.   the courts

B.   political culture

C.   government

D.   Congress

A.   all of the issues that candidates talk about on the campaign trail

B.   the issues that concern single-issue interest groups

C.   the issues that are asked about on public opinion polls

D.   the issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other political actors

A.   a system that perpetuates the status quo and upholds the values of the party in power

B.   a system that grants a status of privilege to the most active and informed voters

C.   a system that selects policymakers and organizes government so that policy represents and responds to the public's preferences

D.   a system that ensures freedom, justice, and peace to all citizens

A.   inclusion

B.   one person, one vote

C.   universal citizenship

D.   freedom of speech and of the press

A.   representation

B.   enlightened rule

C.   majority rule

D.   pluralism

A.   elitism

B.   balance of power

C.   policy gridlock

D.   pluralism

A.   federalism

B.   majority rule

C.   hyperpluralism

D.   pluralism

A.   political culture

B.   public policy

C.   government

D.   politics

A.   pluralist

B.   populist

C.   laissez-faire

D.   egalitarian

A.   a regulation

B.   a presidential action

C.   a budgetary choice

D.   a congressional statute

A.   Too many influential groups cripple government's ability to govern.

B.   Many groups vie for power with no one group dominating politics.

C.   Because most citizens fail to pay attention to serious issues, government has become an elite institution.

D.   Congress is stronger and more influential than the presidency.

A.   Congress

B.   big business

C.   ordinary citizens

D.   political parties

A.   the predominance of conservatives in the United States

B.   the predominance of liberals in the United States

C.   the absence of moderates in the United States

D.   the absence of pluralist thinking in the United States

A.   volunteering with a campaign

B.   contacting government officials

C.   writing letters to the editor

D.   protesting

A.   Working-class people consume more political news than do wealthier people.

B.   West Coast residents consume more political news than do East Coast residents.

C.   Older people consume more political news than do younger people.

D.   Men consume considerably more political news than do women.

A.   participation indicates the legitimacy of government and of laws passed by Congress

B.   changes in the U.S. population affect membership in political parties

C.   information from the census determines tax rates

D.   information the census collects helps to determine how more than $400 billion in federal funding is spent each year

A.   Liberals are overrepresented at the polls.

B.   Young citizens are overrepresented at the polls.

C.   Democrats are overrepresented at the polls.

D.   Conservatives are overrepresented at the polls.

A.   all the activities used by citizens to socialize their children to the political process

B.   all the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue

C.   a measure of the minimum requirements needed to vote

D.   the capacity of individuals (or groups) to exert their own political will

A.   influencing voting behavior

B.   informing the public about the candidates

C.   overthrowing the government

D.   affecting public policy change

A.   Most new immigrants were from northwestern Europe.

B.   The flow of low-income immigrant families from Mexico increased.

C.   The flow of immigrant families with children decreased.

D.   Most new immigrants were being reunited with family in the United States.

A.   Each congressional district must be redrawn to reflect changes in the state's population.

B.   The number of seats each state has in the House is based on a state's population, which changes over time.

C.   The majority party in the House of Representatives is determined by each state's proportion of party-affiliated voters.

D.   The Constitution requires that each state's taxes be proportional to the size of its population.

A.   political participation and suspicion of out-groups

B.   candidate loyalty and authoritarianism

C.   political participation and strength of party attachment

D.   liberalism and political tolerance

A.   Prayer belongs in school.

B.   Government should regulate the economy in the public interest.

C.   Taxes and spending should be kept low.

D.   The United States should stop letting criminals hide behind the law.

A.   running for public office as a third party candidate

B.   signing a petition in a school parking lot

C.   staging a sit-in

D.   gathering signatures for a proposed ballot measure

A.   parents

B.   parents of children under age 18

C.   women with children

D.   citizens in the school district

A.   government workers would likely unionize

B.   government-run services would likely be privatized

C.   government programs to help individuals invest their Social Security income would likely be higher on the political agenda

D.   government programs to alleviate economic inequality would likely be higher on the political agenda

A.   Civil disobedience involves unintentionally breaking a law; a protest involves intentionally breaking a law.

B.   Civil disobedience involves intentionally breaking a law; a protest involves getting attention from the media.

C.   Civil disobedience involves violence; a protest is peaceful.

D.   Civil disobedience is involuntary; a protest is voluntary.

A.   Today's generation of young adults is significantly more likely to read newspapers than their elders.

B.   Political socialization is more important to governments than to individuals.

C.   The age of the demographic that consumes television news is much higher on average than those that consume alternative sources of news.

D.   Children who develop positive feelings toward political authorities grow into adults who are not easily disenchanted with politics.

A.   positive rights

B.   natural rights

C.   Constitutional law

D.   intrinsic laws

A.   the Articles of Confederation

B.   Magna Carta

C.   the Declaration of Independence

D.   Declaration of the Rights of Man

A.   the Common Sense Committee

B.   the Constitutional Convention

C.   the Continental Congress

D.   the Committees of Correspondence

A.   10

B.   15

C.   36

D.   27

A.   executive

B.   judicial

C.   legislative

D.   bureaucratic

A.   a private action

B.   a commercial act

C.   a form of due process

D.   free speech

A.   Gramm Rudman

B.   John Boehner

C.   John Locke

D.   Daniel Shays

A.   infringement of religious freedom

B.   free speech infringement

C.   taxation of private property

D.   unlawful detention

A.   a single chamber with each state receiving equal power

B.   a single chamber with membership based on a state's population

C.   two chambers

D.   a single chamber whose members were appointed by the president

A.   King Caucus

B.   People's Plebiscite

C.   direct popular election

D.   electoral college

A.   privileges and immunities

B.   checks and balances

C.   weights and measures

D.   oversight and influence

A.   The Constitution contained stronger safeguards for states' rights than did the Articles of Confederation.

B.   The Constitution created a stronger national government than did the Articles of Confederation.

C.   The Constitution was based on democratic principles; the Articles of Confederation was based on tyrannical principles.

D.   The Constitution contained strong protections for individual rights; the Articles of Confederation contained strong protections for collective rights.

A.   Democratic Plan

B.   New Jersey Plan

C.   Virginia Plan

D.   Republican Plan

A.   Whigs

B.   The Anti-Federalists

C.   Anti-Masons

D.   The Federalists

A.   government itself

B.   the right to revolt

C.   the divine right of kings

D.   the consent of the governed

A.   shorter terms of office

B.   stronger protections of individual liberties

C.   a stronger national government

D.   stronger state governments

A.   by a majority of state governors

B.   by a two-thirds vote in a special election called for the purpose of voting on the amendment

C.   by a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress

D.   by a majority of voting-age citizens

A.   national referendum

B.   natural law

C.   congressional inaction

D.   judicial interpretation

A.   equal protection

B.   privileges and immunities

C.   jurisdiction

D.   due process

A.   race

B.   property ownership

C.   involvement in insurrection

D.   economic status

A.   Korematsu v. United States

B.   the 1965 Voting Rights Act

C.   Reed v. Reed

D.   the Nineteenth Amendment

A.   voters

B.   nonvoters

C.   winning candidates

D.   losing candidates

A.   grandfather clauses

B.   racial quotas in university admissions

C.   all forms of affirmative action

D.   Jim Crow laws

A.   eligible to vote

B.   separate but equal

C.   property or chattel

D.   citizens

A.   racial quotas

B.   racial segregation

C.   voter discrimination

D.   lynchings by the Ku Klux Klan

A.   It was unconstitutional, and Japanese Americans must be duly compensated.

B.   It did not pass the strict scrutiny test, and the internment was promptly terminated.

C.   It was legally permissible.

D.   It was unconstitutional, but it was too late to do anything about it.

A.   The Constitution does not prohibit segregation; it only mandates equal protection under the law.

B.   Former slaves are not entitled to full citizenship rights because they did not immigrate to the United States willingly.

C.   Railroad transportation involves interstate commerce, which is regulated by Congress; there is no provision in federal law that prohibits segregation.

D.   What was the basis for the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that upheld the constitutionality of a state law requiring segregated railroad facilities?

A.   gays and lesbians

B.   disabled Americans

C.   Asian Americans

D.   American Indians

A.   affirmative action policies maybe broadly tailored to accomplish a compelling government interest

B.   affirmative action policies are subject to an intermediate standard whereby they are presumed to be permissible

C.   affirmative action policies must be designed to address past discrimination without taking into account race, ethnicity, religion, or creed

D.   affirmative action policies must be scrutinized using the same suspect standard that is used for other policies classifying people by race

A.   setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American students

B.   considering how an applicant would contribute to the diversity of the university

C.   admitting some minority applicants with lower academic achievement than some rejected white applicants

D.   considering race as a factor in university admissions decisions

A.   Male and female student athletes cannot compete on the same basketball team at the university level.

B.   Businesses cannot discriminate against gays and lesbians in hiring and promotion decisions.

C.   Those without a college degree are not eligible for upper-level civil service jobs.

D.   Government contracts must be awarded to a contractor who is a racial minority whenever at least 10 percent of the bidders are minority-owned businesses.

A.   a college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for women

B.   an employer who systematically pays women less than men for doing comparable work

C.   an election jurisdiction that does not provide bilingual ballots when there is a large bilingual community

D.   a legal prohibition on hiring women for positions that are known to be hazardous to women's reproductive health

A.   It has had little effect because it was not formally adopted.

B.   It has ensured that men and women are treated equally in the workplace.

C.   It has eliminated gender discrimination in the military.

D.   It has ensured that the courts evaluate gender discrimination using the inherently suspect test.

A.   All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.

B.   Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.

C.   Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems.

D.   Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.

A.   the Supreme Court had determined that only the national government could regulate elections

B.   because it was clear that many areas in the South had no intention of living up to the spirit of the Fifteenth Amendment

C.   to prevent the race riots from spreading from African American neighborhoods into traditionally white neighborhoods

D.   because Congress was afraid the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. would lead a boycott of white businesses if the legislation was not passed

A.   The separate-but-equal doctrine was never intended to apply to people.

B.   The Supreme Court did not have all of the facts when it adopted the separate-but-equal doctrine.

C.   The quality of life for African Americans in the South had deteriorated considerably since the adoption of the separate-but-equal doctrine.

D.   School segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection.

A.   Diversity helps Americans better understand each other.

B.   Affirmative action discriminates on the basis of race.

C.   Unaddressed past discrimination causes perpetual inequality.

D.   Discrimination is a natural part of the human experience.

A.   Confederation

B.   Declaration

C.   Independence

D.   Federalism

A.   Fourteenth

B.   Eleventh

C.   Tenth

D.   Eighth

A.   equal protection

B.   due process

C.   full faith and credit

D.   commerce

A.   redevelopment

B.   devolution

C.   evolution

D.   excavation

A.   Third

B.   Sixth

C.   Twelfth

D.   Eleventh

A.   regulating interstate commerce

B.   limiting the national government

C.   challenging the power of the states

D.   centralizing power in the federal government

A.   conglomeration

B.   oligarchy

C.   direct democracy

D.   confederation

A.   cooperative federalism

B.   progressive federalism

C.   new federalism

D.   dual federalism

A.   progressive

B.   cooperative

C.   combined

D.   dual

A.   full faith and credit

B.   equal protection

C.   supremacy

D.   due process

A.   coin money

B.   establish schools

C.   create courts

D.   operate prisons

A.   categorical grants

B.   business grants

C.   programmatic requests

D.   block grants

A.   layer-cake

B.   marble-cake

C.   pineapple-upside-down-cake

D.   cupcake

A.   A constitutional arrangement by which two or more levels of government share formal authority over the same area and people.

B.   A loose association of states with mutually recognized compacts but no central government.

C.   A loose association of states constitutionally created by a strong central government.

D.   A constitutional arrangement concentrating power in a central government.

A.   the state governments can nullify laws passed by Congress

B.   the quality of policies can vary from state to state.

C.   citizens can choose to live in those areas that have the policies they prefer

D.   states can figure out which policies work best for them

A.   It lowers voter turnout.

B.   It increases the gross domestic product.

C.   It increases citizens' access to government.

D.   It lowers overall tax rates.

A.   Roe v. Wade

B.   New York Times v. Sullivan

C.   US v. Morrison

D.   Lawrence v. Texas

A.   slander; libel

B.   libel; slander

C.   libel; defamation

D.   slander; defamation

A.   a written indictment

B.   assistance of counsel

C.   the right to parole

D.   reasonable bail

A.   eminent domain

B.   free exercise

C.   incorporation

D.   establishment

A.   actual malice

B.   witnesses

C.   property loss

D.   a written record

A.   The state could regulate it if the mother's life were in danger.

B.   The state could ban the abortion unless the mother's life was in danger.

C.   The state could do very little to limit a woman's right to an abortion.

D.   The state could ban it.

A.   before the fact

B.   after the fact

C.   that is illegal

D.   that is critical of the government

A.   Prior Restraint

B.   Free Exercise

C.   Orange

D.   Lemon

A.   a jury trial

B.   a phone call

C.   quick and speedy trial

D.   speak to an attorney

A.   a prior restraint

B.   any additional constraints

C.   an undue burden

D.   an inconvenient truth

A.   recitation of prayer and Bible passages in school

B.   displays of religious symbols on government buildings

C.   displays of religious symbols during holidays

D.   teaching of evolution in school

A.   commerce

B.   family

C.   sexual freedom

D.   privacy

A.   asserting innocence

B.   benefiting financially from that crime

C.   seeking the assistance of an attorney

D.   being tried again for the same crime

A.   Eighth

B.   Fifteenth

C.   Third

D.   Tenth

A.   self-incrimination

B.   trials without a jury

C.   double jeopardy

D.   unreasonable search and seizure

A.   right to privacy

B.   right to travel

C.   right to marry

D.   right to vote

A.   the Roth test

B.   symbolic speech

C.   probable cause

D.   prior restraint

A.   is a prior restraint

B.   is critical of the government

C.   creates a clear and present danger

D.   qualifies as hate speech

A.   pray

B.   be bused

C.   desegregate

D.   take standardized tests