A.   government

B.   Congress

C.   the courts

D.   political culture

A.   all of the issues that candidates talk about on the campaign trail

B.   the issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other political actors

C.   the issues that concern single-issue interest groups

D.   the issues that are asked about on public opinion polls

A.   a system that ensures freedom, justice, and peace to all citizens

B.   a system that selects policymakers and organizes government so that policy represents and responds to the public's preferences

C.   a system that perpetuates the status quo and upholds the values of the party in power

D.   a system that grants a status of privilege to the most active and informed voters

A.   freedom of speech and of the press

B.   universal citizenship

C.   inclusion

D.   one person, one vote

A.   enlightened rule

B.   representation

C.   pluralism

D.   majority rule

A.   balance of power

B.   elitism

C.   policy gridlock

D.   pluralism

A.   federalism

B.   majority rule

C.   pluralism

D.   hyperpluralism

A.   politics

B.   political culture

C.   public policy

D.   government

A.   laissez-faire

B.   populist

C.   pluralist

D.   egalitarian

A.   a congressional statute

B.   a presidential action

C.   a budgetary choice

D.   a regulation

A.   Too many influential groups cripple government's ability to govern.

B.   Congress is stronger and more influential than the presidency.

C.   Because most citizens fail to pay attention to serious issues, government has become an elite institution.

D.   Many groups vie for power with no one group dominating politics.

A.   big business

B.   political parties

C.   Congress

D.   ordinary citizens

A.   the absence of moderates in the United States

B.   the predominance of liberals in the United States

C.   the absence of pluralist thinking in the United States

D.   the predominance of conservatives in the United States

A.   writing letters to the editor

B.   volunteering with a campaign

C.   contacting government officials

D.   protesting

A.   Older people consume more political news than do younger people.

B.   Working-class people consume more political news than do wealthier people.

C.   Men consume considerably more political news than do women.

D.   West Coast residents consume more political news than do East Coast residents.

A.   information the census collects helps to determine how more than $400 billion in federal funding is spent each year

B.   participation indicates the legitimacy of government and of laws passed by Congress

C.   changes in the U.S. population affect membership in political parties

D.   information from the census determines tax rates

A.   Liberals are overrepresented at the polls.

B.   Conservatives are overrepresented at the polls.

C.   Young citizens are overrepresented at the polls.

D.   Democrats are overrepresented at the polls.

A.   all the activities used by citizens to socialize their children to the political process

B.   the capacity of individuals (or groups) to exert their own political will

C.   a measure of the minimum requirements needed to vote

D.   all the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue

A.   informing the public about the candidates

B.   influencing voting behavior

C.   overthrowing the government

D.   affecting public policy change

A.   The flow of immigrant families with children decreased.

B.   Most new immigrants were from northwestern Europe.

C.   Most new immigrants were being reunited with family in the United States.

D.   The flow of low-income immigrant families from Mexico increased.

A.   The Constitution requires that each state's taxes be proportional to the size of its population.

B.   The majority party in the House of Representatives is determined by each state's proportion of party-affiliated voters.

C.   Each congressional district must be redrawn to reflect changes in the state's population.

D.   The number of seats each state has in the House is based on a state's population, which changes over time.

A.   political participation and strength of party attachment

B.   political participation and suspicion of out-groups

C.   liberalism and political tolerance

D.   candidate loyalty and authoritarianism

A.   Prayer belongs in school.

B.   Taxes and spending should be kept low.

C.   The United States should stop letting criminals hide behind the law.

D.   Government should regulate the economy in the public interest.

A.   gathering signatures for a proposed ballot measure

B.   running for public office as a third party candidate

C.   staging a sit-in

D.   signing a petition in a school parking lot

A.   parents

B.   parents of children under age 18

C.   women with children

D.   citizens in the school district

A.   government workers would likely unionize

B.   government programs to alleviate economic inequality would likely be higher on the political agenda

C.   government-run services would likely be privatized

D.   government programs to help individuals invest their Social Security income would likely be higher on the political agenda

A.   Civil disobedience is involuntary; a protest is voluntary.

B.   Civil disobedience involves intentionally breaking a law; a protest involves getting attention from the media.

C.   Civil disobedience involves violence; a protest is peaceful.

D.   Civil disobedience involves unintentionally breaking a law; a protest involves intentionally breaking a law.

A.   The age of the demographic that consumes television news is much higher on average than those that consume alternative sources of news.

B.   Today's generation of young adults is significantly more likely to read newspapers than their elders.

C.   Political socialization is more important to governments than to individuals.

D.   Children who develop positive feelings toward political authorities grow into adults who are not easily disenchanted with politics.

A.   natural rights

B.   positive rights

C.   Constitutional law

D.   intrinsic laws

A.   Declaration of the Rights of Man

B.   Magna Carta

C.   the Articles of Confederation

D.   the Declaration of Independence

A.   the Common Sense Committee

B.   the Committees of Correspondence

C.   the Continental Congress

D.   the Constitutional Convention

A.   27

B.   15

C.   10

D.   36

A.   bureaucratic

B.   legislative

C.   judicial

D.   executive

A.   a private action

B.   a form of due process

C.   a commercial act

D.   free speech

A.   John Boehner

B.   Daniel Shays

C.   John Locke

D.   Gramm Rudman

A.   infringement of religious freedom

B.   unlawful detention

C.   taxation of private property

D.   free speech infringement

A.   a single chamber whose members were appointed by the president

B.   a single chamber with membership based on a state's population

C.   a single chamber with each state receiving equal power

D.   two chambers

A.   King Caucus

B.   People's Plebiscite

C.   electoral college

D.   direct popular election

A.   oversight and influence

B.   privileges and immunities

C.   checks and balances

D.   weights and measures

A.   The Constitution contained strong protections for individual rights; the Articles of Confederation contained strong protections for collective rights.

B.   The Constitution created a stronger national government than did the Articles of Confederation.

C.   The Constitution was based on democratic principles; the Articles of Confederation was based on tyrannical principles.

D.   The Constitution contained stronger safeguards for states' rights than did the Articles of Confederation.

A.   Virginia Plan

B.   New Jersey Plan

C.   Democratic Plan

D.   Republican Plan

A.   Anti-Masons

B.   The Federalists

C.   The Anti-Federalists

D.   Whigs

A.   government itself

B.   the right to revolt

C.   the divine right of kings

D.   the consent of the governed

A.   stronger protections of individual liberties

B.   stronger state governments

C.   a stronger national government

D.   shorter terms of office

A.   by a majority of state governors

B.   by a majority of voting-age citizens

C.   by a two-thirds vote in a special election called for the purpose of voting on the amendment

D.   by a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress

A.   natural law

B.   congressional inaction

C.   judicial interpretation

D.   national referendum

A.   due process

B.   equal protection

C.   jurisdiction

D.   privileges and immunities

A.   race

B.   economic status

C.   involvement in insurrection

D.   property ownership

A.   Reed v. Reed

B.   the 1965 Voting Rights Act

C.   the Nineteenth Amendment

D.   Korematsu v. United States

A.   nonvoters

B.   voters

C.   winning candidates

D.   losing candidates

A.   all forms of affirmative action

B.   grandfather clauses

C.   racial quotas in university admissions

D.   Jim Crow laws

A.   separate but equal

B.   eligible to vote

C.   property or chattel

D.   citizens

A.   voter discrimination

B.   racial quotas

C.   racial segregation

D.   lynchings by the Ku Klux Klan

A.   It was legally permissible.

B.   It did not pass the strict scrutiny test, and the internment was promptly terminated.

C.   It was unconstitutional, and Japanese Americans must be duly compensated.

D.   It was unconstitutional, but it was too late to do anything about it.

A.   What was the basis for the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that upheld the constitutionality of a state law requiring segregated railroad facilities?

B.   Former slaves are not entitled to full citizenship rights because they did not immigrate to the United States willingly.

C.   The Constitution does not prohibit segregation; it only mandates equal protection under the law.

D.   Railroad transportation involves interstate commerce, which is regulated by Congress; there is no provision in federal law that prohibits segregation.

A.   disabled Americans

B.   American Indians

C.   Asian Americans

D.   gays and lesbians

A.   affirmative action policies are subject to an intermediate standard whereby they are presumed to be permissible

B.   affirmative action policies maybe broadly tailored to accomplish a compelling government interest

C.   affirmative action policies must be scrutinized using the same suspect standard that is used for other policies classifying people by race

D.   affirmative action policies must be designed to address past discrimination without taking into account race, ethnicity, religion, or creed

A.   considering how an applicant would contribute to the diversity of the university

B.   considering race as a factor in university admissions decisions

C.   admitting some minority applicants with lower academic achievement than some rejected white applicants

D.   setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American students

A.   Businesses cannot discriminate against gays and lesbians in hiring and promotion decisions.

B.   Male and female student athletes cannot compete on the same basketball team at the university level.

C.   Government contracts must be awarded to a contractor who is a racial minority whenever at least 10 percent of the bidders are minority-owned businesses.

D.   Those without a college degree are not eligible for upper-level civil service jobs.

A.   an employer who systematically pays women less than men for doing comparable work

B.   a college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for women

C.   an election jurisdiction that does not provide bilingual ballots when there is a large bilingual community

D.   a legal prohibition on hiring women for positions that are known to be hazardous to women's reproductive health

A.   It has ensured that the courts evaluate gender discrimination using the inherently suspect test.

B.   It has ensured that men and women are treated equally in the workplace.

C.   It has eliminated gender discrimination in the military.

D.   It has had little effect because it was not formally adopted.

A.   Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.

B.   All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.

C.   Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.

D.   Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems.

A.   the Supreme Court had determined that only the national government could regulate elections

B.   because Congress was afraid the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. would lead a boycott of white businesses if the legislation was not passed

C.   to prevent the race riots from spreading from African American neighborhoods into traditionally white neighborhoods

D.   because it was clear that many areas in the South had no intention of living up to the spirit of the Fifteenth Amendment

A.   The separate-but-equal doctrine was never intended to apply to people.

B.   School segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection.

C.   The quality of life for African Americans in the South had deteriorated considerably since the adoption of the separate-but-equal doctrine.

D.   The Supreme Court did not have all of the facts when it adopted the separate-but-equal doctrine.

A.   Unaddressed past discrimination causes perpetual inequality.

B.   Diversity helps Americans better understand each other.

C.   Affirmative action discriminates on the basis of race.

D.   Discrimination is a natural part of the human experience.

A.   Confederation

B.   Declaration

C.   Independence

D.   Federalism

A.   Tenth

B.   Eighth

C.   Eleventh

D.   Fourteenth

A.   due process

B.   equal protection

C.   commerce

D.   full faith and credit

A.   redevelopment

B.   devolution

C.   evolution

D.   excavation

A.   Third

B.   Sixth

C.   Twelfth

D.   Eleventh

A.   limiting the national government

B.   regulating interstate commerce

C.   centralizing power in the federal government

D.   challenging the power of the states

A.   confederation

B.   oligarchy

C.   direct democracy

D.   conglomeration

A.   new federalism

B.   dual federalism

C.   progressive federalism

D.   cooperative federalism

A.   dual

B.   combined

C.   cooperative

D.   progressive

A.   due process

B.   full faith and credit

C.   equal protection

D.   supremacy

A.   coin money

B.   create courts

C.   establish schools

D.   operate prisons

A.   block grants

B.   categorical grants

C.   programmatic requests

D.   business grants

A.   pineapple-upside-down-cake

B.   marble-cake

C.   layer-cake

D.   cupcake

A.   A constitutional arrangement concentrating power in a central government.

B.   A loose association of states with mutually recognized compacts but no central government.

C.   A loose association of states constitutionally created by a strong central government.

D.   A constitutional arrangement by which two or more levels of government share formal authority over the same area and people.

A.   the quality of policies can vary from state to state.

B.   citizens can choose to live in those areas that have the policies they prefer

C.   states can figure out which policies work best for them

D.   the state governments can nullify laws passed by Congress

A.   It increases the gross domestic product.

B.   It increases citizens' access to government.

C.   It lowers overall tax rates.

D.   It lowers voter turnout.

A.   Lawrence v. Texas

B.   New York Times v. Sullivan

C.   US v. Morrison

D.   Roe v. Wade

A.   libel; defamation

B.   slander; libel

C.   libel; slander

D.   slander; defamation

A.   reasonable bail

B.   assistance of counsel

C.   the right to parole

D.   a written indictment

A.   establishment

B.   incorporation

C.   free exercise

D.   eminent domain

A.   a written record

B.   actual malice

C.   property loss

D.   witnesses

A.   The state could regulate it if the mother's life were in danger.

B.   The state could ban it.

C.   The state could do very little to limit a woman's right to an abortion.

D.   The state could ban the abortion unless the mother's life was in danger.

A.   that is illegal

B.   before the fact

C.   that is critical of the government

D.   after the fact

A.   Lemon

B.   Free Exercise

C.   Orange

D.   Prior Restraint

A.   quick and speedy trial

B.   a jury trial

C.   speak to an attorney

D.   a phone call

A.   an inconvenient truth

B.   a prior restraint

C.   an undue burden

D.   any additional constraints

A.   teaching of evolution in school

B.   displays of religious symbols on government buildings

C.   recitation of prayer and Bible passages in school

D.   displays of religious symbols during holidays

A.   privacy

B.   family

C.   commerce

D.   sexual freedom

A.   seeking the assistance of an attorney

B.   asserting innocence

C.   benefiting financially from that crime

D.   being tried again for the same crime

A.   Third

B.   Fifteenth

C.   Eighth

D.   Tenth

A.   self-incrimination

B.   unreasonable search and seizure

C.   double jeopardy

D.   trials without a jury

A.   right to marry

B.   right to vote

C.   right to privacy

D.   right to travel

A.   symbolic speech

B.   the Roth test

C.   probable cause

D.   prior restraint

A.   qualifies as hate speech

B.   is critical of the government

C.   creates a clear and present danger

D.   is a prior restraint

A.   pray

B.   desegregate

C.   be bused

D.   take standardized tests