A.   the courts

B.   government

C.   political culture

D.   Congress

A.   the issues that concern single-issue interest groups

B.   the issues that are asked about on public opinion polls

C.   the issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other political actors

D.   all of the issues that candidates talk about on the campaign trail

A.   a system that grants a status of privilege to the most active and informed voters

B.   a system that selects policymakers and organizes government so that policy represents and responds to the public's preferences

C.   a system that ensures freedom, justice, and peace to all citizens

D.   a system that perpetuates the status quo and upholds the values of the party in power

A.   universal citizenship

B.   freedom of speech and of the press

C.   one person, one vote

D.   inclusion

A.   pluralism

B.   majority rule

C.   enlightened rule

D.   representation

A.   elitism

B.   pluralism

C.   balance of power

D.   policy gridlock

A.   majority rule

B.   hyperpluralism

C.   federalism

D.   pluralism

A.   political culture

B.   public policy

C.   government

D.   politics

A.   pluralist

B.   populist

C.   laissez-faire

D.   egalitarian

A.   a budgetary choice

B.   a congressional statute

C.   a regulation

D.   a presidential action

A.   Congress is stronger and more influential than the presidency.

B.   Many groups vie for power with no one group dominating politics.

C.   Because most citizens fail to pay attention to serious issues, government has become an elite institution.

D.   Too many influential groups cripple government's ability to govern.

A.   ordinary citizens

B.   political parties

C.   Congress

D.   big business

A.   the predominance of liberals in the United States

B.   the absence of pluralist thinking in the United States

C.   the absence of moderates in the United States

D.   the predominance of conservatives in the United States

A.   writing letters to the editor

B.   contacting government officials

C.   volunteering with a campaign

D.   protesting

A.   Men consume considerably more political news than do women.

B.   Older people consume more political news than do younger people.

C.   Working-class people consume more political news than do wealthier people.

D.   West Coast residents consume more political news than do East Coast residents.

A.   participation indicates the legitimacy of government and of laws passed by Congress

B.   changes in the U.S. population affect membership in political parties

C.   information the census collects helps to determine how more than $400 billion in federal funding is spent each year

D.   information from the census determines tax rates

A.   Young citizens are overrepresented at the polls.

B.   Conservatives are overrepresented at the polls.

C.   Democrats are overrepresented at the polls.

D.   Liberals are overrepresented at the polls.

A.   all the activities used by citizens to socialize their children to the political process

B.   the capacity of individuals (or groups) to exert their own political will

C.   a measure of the minimum requirements needed to vote

D.   all the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue

A.   affecting public policy change

B.   informing the public about the candidates

C.   influencing voting behavior

D.   overthrowing the government

A.   The flow of low-income immigrant families from Mexico increased.

B.   Most new immigrants were being reunited with family in the United States.

C.   The flow of immigrant families with children decreased.

D.   Most new immigrants were from northwestern Europe.

A.   The number of seats each state has in the House is based on a state's population, which changes over time.

B.   The majority party in the House of Representatives is determined by each state's proportion of party-affiliated voters.

C.   The Constitution requires that each state's taxes be proportional to the size of its population.

D.   Each congressional district must be redrawn to reflect changes in the state's population.

A.   political participation and suspicion of out-groups

B.   liberalism and political tolerance

C.   political participation and strength of party attachment

D.   candidate loyalty and authoritarianism

A.   The United States should stop letting criminals hide behind the law.

B.   Government should regulate the economy in the public interest.

C.   Prayer belongs in school.

D.   Taxes and spending should be kept low.

A.   running for public office as a third party candidate

B.   staging a sit-in

C.   gathering signatures for a proposed ballot measure

D.   signing a petition in a school parking lot

A.   citizens in the school district

B.   women with children

C.   parents of children under age 18

D.   parents

A.   government workers would likely unionize

B.   government-run services would likely be privatized

C.   government programs to help individuals invest their Social Security income would likely be higher on the political agenda

D.   government programs to alleviate economic inequality would likely be higher on the political agenda

A.   Civil disobedience is involuntary; a protest is voluntary.

B.   Civil disobedience involves unintentionally breaking a law; a protest involves intentionally breaking a law.

C.   Civil disobedience involves intentionally breaking a law; a protest involves getting attention from the media.

D.   Civil disobedience involves violence; a protest is peaceful.

A.   Children who develop positive feelings toward political authorities grow into adults who are not easily disenchanted with politics.

B.   Political socialization is more important to governments than to individuals.

C.   The age of the demographic that consumes television news is much higher on average than those that consume alternative sources of news.

D.   Today's generation of young adults is significantly more likely to read newspapers than their elders.

A.   positive rights

B.   natural rights

C.   intrinsic laws

D.   Constitutional law

A.   Declaration of the Rights of Man

B.   Magna Carta

C.   the Declaration of Independence

D.   the Articles of Confederation

A.   the Constitutional Convention

B.   the Common Sense Committee

C.   the Continental Congress

D.   the Committees of Correspondence

A.   36

B.   27

C.   15

D.   10

A.   judicial

B.   executive

C.   bureaucratic

D.   legislative

A.   a private action

B.   free speech

C.   a form of due process

D.   a commercial act

A.   John Boehner

B.   John Locke

C.   Gramm Rudman

D.   Daniel Shays

A.   infringement of religious freedom

B.   taxation of private property

C.   unlawful detention

D.   free speech infringement

A.   a single chamber with each state receiving equal power

B.   a single chamber whose members were appointed by the president

C.   two chambers

D.   a single chamber with membership based on a state's population

A.   direct popular election

B.   People's Plebiscite

C.   King Caucus

D.   electoral college

A.   oversight and influence

B.   privileges and immunities

C.   weights and measures

D.   checks and balances

A.   The Constitution was based on democratic principles; the Articles of Confederation was based on tyrannical principles.

B.   The Constitution contained stronger safeguards for states' rights than did the Articles of Confederation.

C.   The Constitution created a stronger national government than did the Articles of Confederation.

D.   The Constitution contained strong protections for individual rights; the Articles of Confederation contained strong protections for collective rights.

A.   Virginia Plan

B.   Democratic Plan

C.   New Jersey Plan

D.   Republican Plan

A.   Whigs

B.   Anti-Masons

C.   The Federalists

D.   The Anti-Federalists

A.   the divine right of kings

B.   the right to revolt

C.   government itself

D.   the consent of the governed

A.   stronger state governments

B.   shorter terms of office

C.   a stronger national government

D.   stronger protections of individual liberties

A.   by a majority of state governors

B.   by a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress

C.   by a two-thirds vote in a special election called for the purpose of voting on the amendment

D.   by a majority of voting-age citizens

A.   congressional inaction

B.   national referendum

C.   judicial interpretation

D.   natural law

A.   equal protection

B.   privileges and immunities

C.   jurisdiction

D.   due process

A.   involvement in insurrection

B.   property ownership

C.   economic status

D.   race

A.   Reed v. Reed

B.   the Nineteenth Amendment

C.   the 1965 Voting Rights Act

D.   Korematsu v. United States

A.   nonvoters

B.   losing candidates

C.   winning candidates

D.   voters

A.   Jim Crow laws

B.   racial quotas in university admissions

C.   grandfather clauses

D.   all forms of affirmative action

A.   property or chattel

B.   separate but equal

C.   eligible to vote

D.   citizens

A.   voter discrimination

B.   racial segregation

C.   lynchings by the Ku Klux Klan

D.   racial quotas

A.   It was unconstitutional, but it was too late to do anything about it.

B.   It was legally permissible.

C.   It was unconstitutional, and Japanese Americans must be duly compensated.

D.   It did not pass the strict scrutiny test, and the internment was promptly terminated.

A.   Railroad transportation involves interstate commerce, which is regulated by Congress; there is no provision in federal law that prohibits segregation.

B.   What was the basis for the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that upheld the constitutionality of a state law requiring segregated railroad facilities?

C.   Former slaves are not entitled to full citizenship rights because they did not immigrate to the United States willingly.

D.   The Constitution does not prohibit segregation; it only mandates equal protection under the law.

A.   American Indians

B.   gays and lesbians

C.   disabled Americans

D.   Asian Americans

A.   affirmative action policies are subject to an intermediate standard whereby they are presumed to be permissible

B.   affirmative action policies must be designed to address past discrimination without taking into account race, ethnicity, religion, or creed

C.   affirmative action policies must be scrutinized using the same suspect standard that is used for other policies classifying people by race

D.   affirmative action policies maybe broadly tailored to accomplish a compelling government interest

A.   considering how an applicant would contribute to the diversity of the university

B.   considering race as a factor in university admissions decisions

C.   admitting some minority applicants with lower academic achievement than some rejected white applicants

D.   setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American students

A.   Businesses cannot discriminate against gays and lesbians in hiring and promotion decisions.

B.   Government contracts must be awarded to a contractor who is a racial minority whenever at least 10 percent of the bidders are minority-owned businesses.

C.   Male and female student athletes cannot compete on the same basketball team at the university level.

D.   Those without a college degree are not eligible for upper-level civil service jobs.

A.   a college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for women

B.   an election jurisdiction that does not provide bilingual ballots when there is a large bilingual community

C.   an employer who systematically pays women less than men for doing comparable work

D.   a legal prohibition on hiring women for positions that are known to be hazardous to women's reproductive health

A.   It has ensured that the courts evaluate gender discrimination using the inherently suspect test.

B.   It has eliminated gender discrimination in the military.

C.   It has had little effect because it was not formally adopted.

D.   It has ensured that men and women are treated equally in the workplace.

A.   All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.

B.   Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.

C.   Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.

D.   Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems.

A.   the Supreme Court had determined that only the national government could regulate elections

B.   because Congress was afraid the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. would lead a boycott of white businesses if the legislation was not passed

C.   to prevent the race riots from spreading from African American neighborhoods into traditionally white neighborhoods

D.   because it was clear that many areas in the South had no intention of living up to the spirit of the Fifteenth Amendment

A.   The quality of life for African Americans in the South had deteriorated considerably since the adoption of the separate-but-equal doctrine.

B.   The Supreme Court did not have all of the facts when it adopted the separate-but-equal doctrine.

C.   School segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection.

D.   The separate-but-equal doctrine was never intended to apply to people.

A.   Discrimination is a natural part of the human experience.

B.   Unaddressed past discrimination causes perpetual inequality.

C.   Affirmative action discriminates on the basis of race.

D.   Diversity helps Americans better understand each other.

A.   Federalism

B.   Independence

C.   Confederation

D.   Declaration

A.   Eleventh

B.   Tenth

C.   Fourteenth

D.   Eighth

A.   commerce

B.   full faith and credit

C.   due process

D.   equal protection

A.   excavation

B.   devolution

C.   redevelopment

D.   evolution

A.   Third

B.   Twelfth

C.   Eleventh

D.   Sixth

A.   regulating interstate commerce

B.   limiting the national government

C.   challenging the power of the states

D.   centralizing power in the federal government

A.   oligarchy

B.   confederation

C.   conglomeration

D.   direct democracy

A.   progressive federalism

B.   dual federalism

C.   new federalism

D.   cooperative federalism

A.   dual

B.   progressive

C.   cooperative

D.   combined

A.   supremacy

B.   full faith and credit

C.   due process

D.   equal protection

A.   coin money

B.   establish schools

C.   operate prisons

D.   create courts

A.   programmatic requests

B.   business grants

C.   categorical grants

D.   block grants

A.   marble-cake

B.   layer-cake

C.   pineapple-upside-down-cake

D.   cupcake

A.   A loose association of states with mutually recognized compacts but no central government.

B.   A constitutional arrangement by which two or more levels of government share formal authority over the same area and people.

C.   A constitutional arrangement concentrating power in a central government.

D.   A loose association of states constitutionally created by a strong central government.

A.   the quality of policies can vary from state to state.

B.   states can figure out which policies work best for them

C.   the state governments can nullify laws passed by Congress

D.   citizens can choose to live in those areas that have the policies they prefer

A.   It lowers voter turnout.

B.   It increases citizens' access to government.

C.   It increases the gross domestic product.

D.   It lowers overall tax rates.

A.   New York Times v. Sullivan

B.   US v. Morrison

C.   Roe v. Wade

D.   Lawrence v. Texas

A.   slander; libel

B.   libel; slander

C.   slander; defamation

D.   libel; defamation

A.   a written indictment

B.   reasonable bail

C.   the right to parole

D.   assistance of counsel

A.   free exercise

B.   incorporation

C.   establishment

D.   eminent domain

A.   witnesses

B.   actual malice

C.   property loss

D.   a written record

A.   The state could do very little to limit a woman's right to an abortion.

B.   The state could ban the abortion unless the mother's life was in danger.

C.   The state could ban it.

D.   The state could regulate it if the mother's life were in danger.

A.   before the fact

B.   that is critical of the government

C.   after the fact

D.   that is illegal

A.   Lemon

B.   Free Exercise

C.   Prior Restraint

D.   Orange

A.   quick and speedy trial

B.   a jury trial

C.   a phone call

D.   speak to an attorney

A.   an inconvenient truth

B.   any additional constraints

C.   an undue burden

D.   a prior restraint

A.   teaching of evolution in school

B.   displays of religious symbols during holidays

C.   displays of religious symbols on government buildings

D.   recitation of prayer and Bible passages in school

A.   family

B.   privacy

C.   commerce

D.   sexual freedom

A.   being tried again for the same crime

B.   seeking the assistance of an attorney

C.   asserting innocence

D.   benefiting financially from that crime

A.   Tenth

B.   Eighth

C.   Third

D.   Fifteenth

A.   self-incrimination

B.   unreasonable search and seizure

C.   trials without a jury

D.   double jeopardy

A.   right to privacy

B.   right to marry

C.   right to vote

D.   right to travel

A.   symbolic speech

B.   probable cause

C.   prior restraint

D.   the Roth test

A.   is critical of the government

B.   qualifies as hate speech

C.   is a prior restraint

D.   creates a clear and present danger

A.   take standardized tests

B.   pray

C.   desegregate

D.   be bused