A.   the courts

B.   Congress

C.   government

D.   political culture

A.   the issues that concern single-issue interest groups

B.   the issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other political actors

C.   all of the issues that candidates talk about on the campaign trail

D.   the issues that are asked about on public opinion polls

A.   a system that selects policymakers and organizes government so that policy represents and responds to the public's preferences

B.   a system that grants a status of privilege to the most active and informed voters

C.   a system that ensures freedom, justice, and peace to all citizens

D.   a system that perpetuates the status quo and upholds the values of the party in power

A.   one person, one vote

B.   freedom of speech and of the press

C.   universal citizenship

D.   inclusion

A.   majority rule

B.   enlightened rule

C.   pluralism

D.   representation

A.   pluralism

B.   elitism

C.   balance of power

D.   policy gridlock

A.   majority rule

B.   federalism

C.   pluralism

D.   hyperpluralism

A.   political culture

B.   public policy

C.   politics

D.   government

A.   populist

B.   pluralist

C.   egalitarian

D.   laissez-faire

A.   a budgetary choice

B.   a regulation

C.   a presidential action

D.   a congressional statute

A.   Congress is stronger and more influential than the presidency.

B.   Too many influential groups cripple government's ability to govern.

C.   Because most citizens fail to pay attention to serious issues, government has become an elite institution.

D.   Many groups vie for power with no one group dominating politics.

A.   big business

B.   ordinary citizens

C.   political parties

D.   Congress

A.   the predominance of liberals in the United States

B.   the predominance of conservatives in the United States

C.   the absence of moderates in the United States

D.   the absence of pluralist thinking in the United States

A.   writing letters to the editor

B.   contacting government officials

C.   protesting

D.   volunteering with a campaign

A.   West Coast residents consume more political news than do East Coast residents.

B.   Working-class people consume more political news than do wealthier people.

C.   Men consume considerably more political news than do women.

D.   Older people consume more political news than do younger people.

A.   information the census collects helps to determine how more than $400 billion in federal funding is spent each year

B.   changes in the U.S. population affect membership in political parties

C.   information from the census determines tax rates

D.   participation indicates the legitimacy of government and of laws passed by Congress

A.   Democrats are overrepresented at the polls.

B.   Young citizens are overrepresented at the polls.

C.   Conservatives are overrepresented at the polls.

D.   Liberals are overrepresented at the polls.

A.   a measure of the minimum requirements needed to vote

B.   all the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue

C.   the capacity of individuals (or groups) to exert their own political will

D.   all the activities used by citizens to socialize their children to the political process

A.   overthrowing the government

B.   affecting public policy change

C.   informing the public about the candidates

D.   influencing voting behavior

A.   The flow of low-income immigrant families from Mexico increased.

B.   Most new immigrants were being reunited with family in the United States.

C.   Most new immigrants were from northwestern Europe.

D.   The flow of immigrant families with children decreased.

A.   Each congressional district must be redrawn to reflect changes in the state's population.

B.   The Constitution requires that each state's taxes be proportional to the size of its population.

C.   The number of seats each state has in the House is based on a state's population, which changes over time.

D.   The majority party in the House of Representatives is determined by each state's proportion of party-affiliated voters.

A.   political participation and suspicion of out-groups

B.   candidate loyalty and authoritarianism

C.   political participation and strength of party attachment

D.   liberalism and political tolerance

A.   Taxes and spending should be kept low.

B.   Prayer belongs in school.

C.   The United States should stop letting criminals hide behind the law.

D.   Government should regulate the economy in the public interest.

A.   running for public office as a third party candidate

B.   gathering signatures for a proposed ballot measure

C.   staging a sit-in

D.   signing a petition in a school parking lot

A.   parents

B.   citizens in the school district

C.   women with children

D.   parents of children under age 18

A.   government programs to help individuals invest their Social Security income would likely be higher on the political agenda

B.   government-run services would likely be privatized

C.   government programs to alleviate economic inequality would likely be higher on the political agenda

D.   government workers would likely unionize

A.   Civil disobedience is involuntary; a protest is voluntary.

B.   Civil disobedience involves violence; a protest is peaceful.

C.   Civil disobedience involves unintentionally breaking a law; a protest involves intentionally breaking a law.

D.   Civil disobedience involves intentionally breaking a law; a protest involves getting attention from the media.

A.   Today's generation of young adults is significantly more likely to read newspapers than their elders.

B.   Political socialization is more important to governments than to individuals.

C.   The age of the demographic that consumes television news is much higher on average than those that consume alternative sources of news.

D.   Children who develop positive feelings toward political authorities grow into adults who are not easily disenchanted with politics.

A.   positive rights

B.   Constitutional law

C.   intrinsic laws

D.   natural rights

A.   the Declaration of Independence

B.   Declaration of the Rights of Man

C.   the Articles of Confederation

D.   Magna Carta

A.   the Common Sense Committee

B.   the Continental Congress

C.   the Constitutional Convention

D.   the Committees of Correspondence

A.   15

B.   27

C.   10

D.   36

A.   judicial

B.   executive

C.   bureaucratic

D.   legislative

A.   a private action

B.   a form of due process

C.   free speech

D.   a commercial act

A.   Daniel Shays

B.   John Boehner

C.   John Locke

D.   Gramm Rudman

A.   taxation of private property

B.   free speech infringement

C.   unlawful detention

D.   infringement of religious freedom

A.   a single chamber with each state receiving equal power

B.   a single chamber whose members were appointed by the president

C.   a single chamber with membership based on a state's population

D.   two chambers

A.   electoral college

B.   direct popular election

C.   King Caucus

D.   People's Plebiscite

A.   oversight and influence

B.   checks and balances

C.   weights and measures

D.   privileges and immunities

A.   The Constitution contained stronger safeguards for states' rights than did the Articles of Confederation.

B.   The Constitution was based on democratic principles; the Articles of Confederation was based on tyrannical principles.

C.   The Constitution contained strong protections for individual rights; the Articles of Confederation contained strong protections for collective rights.

D.   The Constitution created a stronger national government than did the Articles of Confederation.

A.   Republican Plan

B.   Democratic Plan

C.   New Jersey Plan

D.   Virginia Plan

A.   The Anti-Federalists

B.   The Federalists

C.   Anti-Masons

D.   Whigs

A.   government itself

B.   the divine right of kings

C.   the consent of the governed

D.   the right to revolt

A.   a stronger national government

B.   stronger protections of individual liberties

C.   shorter terms of office

D.   stronger state governments

A.   by a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress

B.   by a two-thirds vote in a special election called for the purpose of voting on the amendment

C.   by a majority of voting-age citizens

D.   by a majority of state governors

A.   national referendum

B.   judicial interpretation

C.   congressional inaction

D.   natural law

A.   jurisdiction

B.   privileges and immunities

C.   equal protection

D.   due process

A.   race

B.   property ownership

C.   economic status

D.   involvement in insurrection

A.   the Nineteenth Amendment

B.   Korematsu v. United States

C.   Reed v. Reed

D.   the 1965 Voting Rights Act

A.   losing candidates

B.   winning candidates

C.   nonvoters

D.   voters

A.   Jim Crow laws

B.   all forms of affirmative action

C.   racial quotas in university admissions

D.   grandfather clauses

A.   eligible to vote

B.   separate but equal

C.   property or chattel

D.   citizens

A.   racial quotas

B.   lynchings by the Ku Klux Klan

C.   racial segregation

D.   voter discrimination

A.   It was unconstitutional, and Japanese Americans must be duly compensated.

B.   It was unconstitutional, but it was too late to do anything about it.

C.   It was legally permissible.

D.   It did not pass the strict scrutiny test, and the internment was promptly terminated.

A.   The Constitution does not prohibit segregation; it only mandates equal protection under the law.

B.   Railroad transportation involves interstate commerce, which is regulated by Congress; there is no provision in federal law that prohibits segregation.

C.   What was the basis for the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that upheld the constitutionality of a state law requiring segregated railroad facilities?

D.   Former slaves are not entitled to full citizenship rights because they did not immigrate to the United States willingly.

A.   American Indians

B.   gays and lesbians

C.   disabled Americans

D.   Asian Americans

A.   affirmative action policies are subject to an intermediate standard whereby they are presumed to be permissible

B.   affirmative action policies maybe broadly tailored to accomplish a compelling government interest

C.   affirmative action policies must be designed to address past discrimination without taking into account race, ethnicity, religion, or creed

D.   affirmative action policies must be scrutinized using the same suspect standard that is used for other policies classifying people by race

A.   setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American students

B.   considering race as a factor in university admissions decisions

C.   admitting some minority applicants with lower academic achievement than some rejected white applicants

D.   considering how an applicant would contribute to the diversity of the university

A.   Male and female student athletes cannot compete on the same basketball team at the university level.

B.   Businesses cannot discriminate against gays and lesbians in hiring and promotion decisions.

C.   Those without a college degree are not eligible for upper-level civil service jobs.

D.   Government contracts must be awarded to a contractor who is a racial minority whenever at least 10 percent of the bidders are minority-owned businesses.

A.   a legal prohibition on hiring women for positions that are known to be hazardous to women's reproductive health

B.   a college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for women

C.   an employer who systematically pays women less than men for doing comparable work

D.   an election jurisdiction that does not provide bilingual ballots when there is a large bilingual community

A.   It has ensured that the courts evaluate gender discrimination using the inherently suspect test.

B.   It has had little effect because it was not formally adopted.

C.   It has ensured that men and women are treated equally in the workplace.

D.   It has eliminated gender discrimination in the military.

A.   Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.

B.   Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.

C.   All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.

D.   Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems.

A.   to prevent the race riots from spreading from African American neighborhoods into traditionally white neighborhoods

B.   the Supreme Court had determined that only the national government could regulate elections

C.   because Congress was afraid the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. would lead a boycott of white businesses if the legislation was not passed

D.   because it was clear that many areas in the South had no intention of living up to the spirit of the Fifteenth Amendment

A.   The Supreme Court did not have all of the facts when it adopted the separate-but-equal doctrine.

B.   The separate-but-equal doctrine was never intended to apply to people.

C.   The quality of life for African Americans in the South had deteriorated considerably since the adoption of the separate-but-equal doctrine.

D.   School segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection.

A.   Diversity helps Americans better understand each other.

B.   Affirmative action discriminates on the basis of race.

C.   Unaddressed past discrimination causes perpetual inequality.

D.   Discrimination is a natural part of the human experience.

A.   Declaration

B.   Federalism

C.   Independence

D.   Confederation

A.   Eleventh

B.   Fourteenth

C.   Tenth

D.   Eighth

A.   commerce

B.   full faith and credit

C.   due process

D.   equal protection

A.   evolution

B.   devolution

C.   excavation

D.   redevelopment

A.   Eleventh

B.   Third

C.   Sixth

D.   Twelfth

A.   challenging the power of the states

B.   limiting the national government

C.   centralizing power in the federal government

D.   regulating interstate commerce

A.   confederation

B.   conglomeration

C.   direct democracy

D.   oligarchy

A.   progressive federalism

B.   cooperative federalism

C.   dual federalism

D.   new federalism

A.   combined

B.   cooperative

C.   progressive

D.   dual

A.   full faith and credit

B.   equal protection

C.   due process

D.   supremacy

A.   coin money

B.   create courts

C.   establish schools

D.   operate prisons

A.   block grants

B.   programmatic requests

C.   categorical grants

D.   business grants

A.   cupcake

B.   layer-cake

C.   pineapple-upside-down-cake

D.   marble-cake

A.   A loose association of states with mutually recognized compacts but no central government.

B.   A constitutional arrangement concentrating power in a central government.

C.   A constitutional arrangement by which two or more levels of government share formal authority over the same area and people.

D.   A loose association of states constitutionally created by a strong central government.

A.   states can figure out which policies work best for them

B.   the state governments can nullify laws passed by Congress

C.   citizens can choose to live in those areas that have the policies they prefer

D.   the quality of policies can vary from state to state.

A.   It increases citizens' access to government.

B.   It increases the gross domestic product.

C.   It lowers overall tax rates.

D.   It lowers voter turnout.

A.   Roe v. Wade

B.   US v. Morrison

C.   New York Times v. Sullivan

D.   Lawrence v. Texas

A.   slander; defamation

B.   libel; defamation

C.   libel; slander

D.   slander; libel

A.   a written indictment

B.   reasonable bail

C.   assistance of counsel

D.   the right to parole

A.   establishment

B.   incorporation

C.   free exercise

D.   eminent domain

A.   a written record

B.   actual malice

C.   property loss

D.   witnesses

A.   The state could regulate it if the mother's life were in danger.

B.   The state could ban it.

C.   The state could do very little to limit a woman's right to an abortion.

D.   The state could ban the abortion unless the mother's life was in danger.

A.   before the fact

B.   that is critical of the government

C.   after the fact

D.   that is illegal

A.   Orange

B.   Prior Restraint

C.   Free Exercise

D.   Lemon

A.   a jury trial

B.   quick and speedy trial

C.   a phone call

D.   speak to an attorney

A.   any additional constraints

B.   a prior restraint

C.   an inconvenient truth

D.   an undue burden

A.   displays of religious symbols during holidays

B.   recitation of prayer and Bible passages in school

C.   teaching of evolution in school

D.   displays of religious symbols on government buildings

A.   family

B.   privacy

C.   commerce

D.   sexual freedom

A.   being tried again for the same crime

B.   benefiting financially from that crime

C.   asserting innocence

D.   seeking the assistance of an attorney

A.   Tenth

B.   Third

C.   Eighth

D.   Fifteenth

A.   trials without a jury

B.   self-incrimination

C.   double jeopardy

D.   unreasonable search and seizure

A.   right to travel

B.   right to privacy

C.   right to vote

D.   right to marry

A.   symbolic speech

B.   the Roth test

C.   probable cause

D.   prior restraint

A.   qualifies as hate speech

B.   is critical of the government

C.   creates a clear and present danger

D.   is a prior restraint

A.   take standardized tests

B.   desegregate

C.   pray

D.   be bused