A.   government

B.   political culture

C.   the courts

D.   Congress

A.   the issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other political actors

B.   all of the issues that candidates talk about on the campaign trail

C.   the issues that are asked about on public opinion polls

D.   the issues that concern single-issue interest groups

A.   a system that grants a status of privilege to the most active and informed voters

B.   a system that selects policymakers and organizes government so that policy represents and responds to the public's preferences

C.   a system that ensures freedom, justice, and peace to all citizens

D.   a system that perpetuates the status quo and upholds the values of the party in power

A.   universal citizenship

B.   one person, one vote

C.   inclusion

D.   freedom of speech and of the press

A.   majority rule

B.   pluralism

C.   representation

D.   enlightened rule

A.   balance of power

B.   policy gridlock

C.   elitism

D.   pluralism

A.   majority rule

B.   pluralism

C.   federalism

D.   hyperpluralism

A.   public policy

B.   politics

C.   government

D.   political culture

A.   populist

B.   egalitarian

C.   pluralist

D.   laissez-faire

A.   a congressional statute

B.   a regulation

C.   a budgetary choice

D.   a presidential action

A.   Many groups vie for power with no one group dominating politics.

B.   Congress is stronger and more influential than the presidency.

C.   Too many influential groups cripple government's ability to govern.

D.   Because most citizens fail to pay attention to serious issues, government has become an elite institution.

A.   Congress

B.   big business

C.   ordinary citizens

D.   political parties

A.   the predominance of liberals in the United States

B.   the absence of moderates in the United States

C.   the absence of pluralist thinking in the United States

D.   the predominance of conservatives in the United States

A.   volunteering with a campaign

B.   writing letters to the editor

C.   contacting government officials

D.   protesting

A.   West Coast residents consume more political news than do East Coast residents.

B.   Older people consume more political news than do younger people.

C.   Working-class people consume more political news than do wealthier people.

D.   Men consume considerably more political news than do women.

A.   changes in the U.S. population affect membership in political parties

B.   information the census collects helps to determine how more than $400 billion in federal funding is spent each year

C.   information from the census determines tax rates

D.   participation indicates the legitimacy of government and of laws passed by Congress

A.   Conservatives are overrepresented at the polls.

B.   Young citizens are overrepresented at the polls.

C.   Democrats are overrepresented at the polls.

D.   Liberals are overrepresented at the polls.

A.   the capacity of individuals (or groups) to exert their own political will

B.   all the activities used by citizens to socialize their children to the political process

C.   all the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue

D.   a measure of the minimum requirements needed to vote

A.   affecting public policy change

B.   influencing voting behavior

C.   informing the public about the candidates

D.   overthrowing the government

A.   Most new immigrants were from northwestern Europe.

B.   The flow of immigrant families with children decreased.

C.   The flow of low-income immigrant families from Mexico increased.

D.   Most new immigrants were being reunited with family in the United States.

A.   The Constitution requires that each state's taxes be proportional to the size of its population.

B.   Each congressional district must be redrawn to reflect changes in the state's population.

C.   The number of seats each state has in the House is based on a state's population, which changes over time.

D.   The majority party in the House of Representatives is determined by each state's proportion of party-affiliated voters.

A.   candidate loyalty and authoritarianism

B.   liberalism and political tolerance

C.   political participation and strength of party attachment

D.   political participation and suspicion of out-groups

A.   The United States should stop letting criminals hide behind the law.

B.   Prayer belongs in school.

C.   Government should regulate the economy in the public interest.

D.   Taxes and spending should be kept low.

A.   signing a petition in a school parking lot

B.   gathering signatures for a proposed ballot measure

C.   running for public office as a third party candidate

D.   staging a sit-in

A.   parents

B.   citizens in the school district

C.   women with children

D.   parents of children under age 18

A.   government programs to alleviate economic inequality would likely be higher on the political agenda

B.   government programs to help individuals invest their Social Security income would likely be higher on the political agenda

C.   government workers would likely unionize

D.   government-run services would likely be privatized

A.   Civil disobedience involves intentionally breaking a law; a protest involves getting attention from the media.

B.   Civil disobedience is involuntary; a protest is voluntary.

C.   Civil disobedience involves violence; a protest is peaceful.

D.   Civil disobedience involves unintentionally breaking a law; a protest involves intentionally breaking a law.

A.   The age of the demographic that consumes television news is much higher on average than those that consume alternative sources of news.

B.   Political socialization is more important to governments than to individuals.

C.   Today's generation of young adults is significantly more likely to read newspapers than their elders.

D.   Children who develop positive feelings toward political authorities grow into adults who are not easily disenchanted with politics.

A.   positive rights

B.   intrinsic laws

C.   Constitutional law

D.   natural rights

A.   Magna Carta

B.   the Articles of Confederation

C.   the Declaration of Independence

D.   Declaration of the Rights of Man

A.   the Committees of Correspondence

B.   the Constitutional Convention

C.   the Continental Congress

D.   the Common Sense Committee

A.   27

B.   36

C.   10

D.   15

A.   judicial

B.   bureaucratic

C.   legislative

D.   executive

A.   free speech

B.   a form of due process

C.   a private action

D.   a commercial act

A.   Daniel Shays

B.   John Boehner

C.   Gramm Rudman

D.   John Locke

A.   taxation of private property

B.   unlawful detention

C.   free speech infringement

D.   infringement of religious freedom

A.   two chambers

B.   a single chamber with membership based on a state's population

C.   a single chamber whose members were appointed by the president

D.   a single chamber with each state receiving equal power

A.   electoral college

B.   direct popular election

C.   King Caucus

D.   People's Plebiscite

A.   weights and measures

B.   privileges and immunities

C.   checks and balances

D.   oversight and influence

A.   The Constitution was based on democratic principles; the Articles of Confederation was based on tyrannical principles.

B.   The Constitution contained strong protections for individual rights; the Articles of Confederation contained strong protections for collective rights.

C.   The Constitution contained stronger safeguards for states' rights than did the Articles of Confederation.

D.   The Constitution created a stronger national government than did the Articles of Confederation.

A.   Virginia Plan

B.   New Jersey Plan

C.   Democratic Plan

D.   Republican Plan

A.   The Anti-Federalists

B.   Anti-Masons

C.   The Federalists

D.   Whigs

A.   the consent of the governed

B.   the divine right of kings

C.   the right to revolt

D.   government itself

A.   stronger protections of individual liberties

B.   a stronger national government

C.   shorter terms of office

D.   stronger state governments

A.   by a majority of state governors

B.   by a two-thirds vote in a special election called for the purpose of voting on the amendment

C.   by a majority of voting-age citizens

D.   by a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress

A.   congressional inaction

B.   national referendum

C.   judicial interpretation

D.   natural law

A.   due process

B.   jurisdiction

C.   privileges and immunities

D.   equal protection

A.   economic status

B.   race

C.   involvement in insurrection

D.   property ownership

A.   Korematsu v. United States

B.   Reed v. Reed

C.   the Nineteenth Amendment

D.   the 1965 Voting Rights Act

A.   voters

B.   nonvoters

C.   winning candidates

D.   losing candidates

A.   Jim Crow laws

B.   racial quotas in university admissions

C.   all forms of affirmative action

D.   grandfather clauses

A.   property or chattel

B.   citizens

C.   separate but equal

D.   eligible to vote

A.   voter discrimination

B.   lynchings by the Ku Klux Klan

C.   racial segregation

D.   racial quotas

A.   It did not pass the strict scrutiny test, and the internment was promptly terminated.

B.   It was legally permissible.

C.   It was unconstitutional, but it was too late to do anything about it.

D.   It was unconstitutional, and Japanese Americans must be duly compensated.

A.   Former slaves are not entitled to full citizenship rights because they did not immigrate to the United States willingly.

B.   Railroad transportation involves interstate commerce, which is regulated by Congress; there is no provision in federal law that prohibits segregation.

C.   What was the basis for the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that upheld the constitutionality of a state law requiring segregated railroad facilities?

D.   The Constitution does not prohibit segregation; it only mandates equal protection under the law.

A.   gays and lesbians

B.   Asian Americans

C.   American Indians

D.   disabled Americans

A.   affirmative action policies maybe broadly tailored to accomplish a compelling government interest

B.   affirmative action policies are subject to an intermediate standard whereby they are presumed to be permissible

C.   affirmative action policies must be designed to address past discrimination without taking into account race, ethnicity, religion, or creed

D.   affirmative action policies must be scrutinized using the same suspect standard that is used for other policies classifying people by race

A.   considering race as a factor in university admissions decisions

B.   setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American students

C.   considering how an applicant would contribute to the diversity of the university

D.   admitting some minority applicants with lower academic achievement than some rejected white applicants

A.   Male and female student athletes cannot compete on the same basketball team at the university level.

B.   Businesses cannot discriminate against gays and lesbians in hiring and promotion decisions.

C.   Government contracts must be awarded to a contractor who is a racial minority whenever at least 10 percent of the bidders are minority-owned businesses.

D.   Those without a college degree are not eligible for upper-level civil service jobs.

A.   a legal prohibition on hiring women for positions that are known to be hazardous to women's reproductive health

B.   an election jurisdiction that does not provide bilingual ballots when there is a large bilingual community

C.   an employer who systematically pays women less than men for doing comparable work

D.   a college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for women

A.   It has had little effect because it was not formally adopted.

B.   It has eliminated gender discrimination in the military.

C.   It has ensured that the courts evaluate gender discrimination using the inherently suspect test.

D.   It has ensured that men and women are treated equally in the workplace.

A.   Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.

B.   Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems.

C.   All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.

D.   Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.

A.   to prevent the race riots from spreading from African American neighborhoods into traditionally white neighborhoods

B.   the Supreme Court had determined that only the national government could regulate elections

C.   because Congress was afraid the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. would lead a boycott of white businesses if the legislation was not passed

D.   because it was clear that many areas in the South had no intention of living up to the spirit of the Fifteenth Amendment

A.   The separate-but-equal doctrine was never intended to apply to people.

B.   The Supreme Court did not have all of the facts when it adopted the separate-but-equal doctrine.

C.   The quality of life for African Americans in the South had deteriorated considerably since the adoption of the separate-but-equal doctrine.

D.   School segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection.

A.   Affirmative action discriminates on the basis of race.

B.   Diversity helps Americans better understand each other.

C.   Unaddressed past discrimination causes perpetual inequality.

D.   Discrimination is a natural part of the human experience.

A.   Declaration

B.   Federalism

C.   Independence

D.   Confederation

A.   Tenth

B.   Eighth

C.   Fourteenth

D.   Eleventh

A.   equal protection

B.   due process

C.   commerce

D.   full faith and credit

A.   devolution

B.   evolution

C.   excavation

D.   redevelopment

A.   Third

B.   Eleventh

C.   Sixth

D.   Twelfth

A.   challenging the power of the states

B.   centralizing power in the federal government

C.   regulating interstate commerce

D.   limiting the national government

A.   confederation

B.   conglomeration

C.   direct democracy

D.   oligarchy

A.   progressive federalism

B.   cooperative federalism

C.   dual federalism

D.   new federalism

A.   progressive

B.   dual

C.   cooperative

D.   combined

A.   equal protection

B.   due process

C.   supremacy

D.   full faith and credit

A.   operate prisons

B.   create courts

C.   establish schools

D.   coin money

A.   categorical grants

B.   programmatic requests

C.   business grants

D.   block grants

A.   marble-cake

B.   cupcake

C.   layer-cake

D.   pineapple-upside-down-cake

A.   A constitutional arrangement by which two or more levels of government share formal authority over the same area and people.

B.   A constitutional arrangement concentrating power in a central government.

C.   A loose association of states constitutionally created by a strong central government.

D.   A loose association of states with mutually recognized compacts but no central government.

A.   citizens can choose to live in those areas that have the policies they prefer

B.   the state governments can nullify laws passed by Congress

C.   states can figure out which policies work best for them

D.   the quality of policies can vary from state to state.

A.   It increases the gross domestic product.

B.   It lowers overall tax rates.

C.   It increases citizens' access to government.

D.   It lowers voter turnout.

A.   New York Times v. Sullivan

B.   Roe v. Wade

C.   Lawrence v. Texas

D.   US v. Morrison

A.   slander; libel

B.   libel; defamation

C.   libel; slander

D.   slander; defamation

A.   a written indictment

B.   the right to parole

C.   assistance of counsel

D.   reasonable bail

A.   establishment

B.   free exercise

C.   eminent domain

D.   incorporation

A.   witnesses

B.   actual malice

C.   a written record

D.   property loss

A.   The state could ban it.

B.   The state could ban the abortion unless the mother's life was in danger.

C.   The state could regulate it if the mother's life were in danger.

D.   The state could do very little to limit a woman's right to an abortion.

A.   that is illegal

B.   that is critical of the government

C.   after the fact

D.   before the fact

A.   Orange

B.   Prior Restraint

C.   Lemon

D.   Free Exercise

A.   speak to an attorney

B.   a phone call

C.   a jury trial

D.   quick and speedy trial

A.   a prior restraint

B.   an inconvenient truth

C.   an undue burden

D.   any additional constraints

A.   displays of religious symbols on government buildings

B.   teaching of evolution in school

C.   displays of religious symbols during holidays

D.   recitation of prayer and Bible passages in school

A.   family

B.   privacy

C.   sexual freedom

D.   commerce

A.   benefiting financially from that crime

B.   seeking the assistance of an attorney

C.   asserting innocence

D.   being tried again for the same crime

A.   Fifteenth

B.   Eighth

C.   Third

D.   Tenth

A.   self-incrimination

B.   unreasonable search and seizure

C.   trials without a jury

D.   double jeopardy

A.   right to privacy

B.   right to marry

C.   right to vote

D.   right to travel

A.   symbolic speech

B.   prior restraint

C.   probable cause

D.   the Roth test

A.   creates a clear and present danger

B.   is critical of the government

C.   qualifies as hate speech

D.   is a prior restraint

A.   desegregate

B.   take standardized tests

C.   be bused

D.   pray