A.   the courts

B.   government

C.   Congress

D.   political culture

A.   all of the issues that candidates talk about on the campaign trail

B.   the issues that are asked about on public opinion polls

C.   the issues that concern single-issue interest groups

D.   the issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other political actors

A.   a system that selects policymakers and organizes government so that policy represents and responds to the public's preferences

B.   a system that ensures freedom, justice, and peace to all citizens

C.   a system that grants a status of privilege to the most active and informed voters

D.   a system that perpetuates the status quo and upholds the values of the party in power

A.   inclusion

B.   one person, one vote

C.   universal citizenship

D.   freedom of speech and of the press

A.   representation

B.   pluralism

C.   enlightened rule

D.   majority rule

A.   elitism

B.   pluralism

C.   policy gridlock

D.   balance of power

A.   majority rule

B.   pluralism

C.   federalism

D.   hyperpluralism

A.   political culture

B.   government

C.   public policy

D.   politics

A.   laissez-faire

B.   egalitarian

C.   populist

D.   pluralist

A.   a congressional statute

B.   a presidential action

C.   a budgetary choice

D.   a regulation

A.   Too many influential groups cripple government's ability to govern.

B.   Many groups vie for power with no one group dominating politics.

C.   Because most citizens fail to pay attention to serious issues, government has become an elite institution.

D.   Congress is stronger and more influential than the presidency.

A.   Congress

B.   big business

C.   political parties

D.   ordinary citizens

A.   the predominance of conservatives in the United States

B.   the predominance of liberals in the United States

C.   the absence of moderates in the United States

D.   the absence of pluralist thinking in the United States

A.   volunteering with a campaign

B.   contacting government officials

C.   writing letters to the editor

D.   protesting

A.   Men consume considerably more political news than do women.

B.   Older people consume more political news than do younger people.

C.   West Coast residents consume more political news than do East Coast residents.

D.   Working-class people consume more political news than do wealthier people.

A.   participation indicates the legitimacy of government and of laws passed by Congress

B.   information the census collects helps to determine how more than $400 billion in federal funding is spent each year

C.   information from the census determines tax rates

D.   changes in the U.S. population affect membership in political parties

A.   Young citizens are overrepresented at the polls.

B.   Liberals are overrepresented at the polls.

C.   Democrats are overrepresented at the polls.

D.   Conservatives are overrepresented at the polls.

A.   all the activities used by citizens to socialize their children to the political process

B.   all the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue

C.   a measure of the minimum requirements needed to vote

D.   the capacity of individuals (or groups) to exert their own political will

A.   overthrowing the government

B.   informing the public about the candidates

C.   influencing voting behavior

D.   affecting public policy change

A.   Most new immigrants were from northwestern Europe.

B.   The flow of low-income immigrant families from Mexico increased.

C.   The flow of immigrant families with children decreased.

D.   Most new immigrants were being reunited with family in the United States.

A.   The majority party in the House of Representatives is determined by each state's proportion of party-affiliated voters.

B.   The Constitution requires that each state's taxes be proportional to the size of its population.

C.   Each congressional district must be redrawn to reflect changes in the state's population.

D.   The number of seats each state has in the House is based on a state's population, which changes over time.

A.   candidate loyalty and authoritarianism

B.   political participation and suspicion of out-groups

C.   liberalism and political tolerance

D.   political participation and strength of party attachment

A.   The United States should stop letting criminals hide behind the law.

B.   Prayer belongs in school.

C.   Taxes and spending should be kept low.

D.   Government should regulate the economy in the public interest.

A.   staging a sit-in

B.   signing a petition in a school parking lot

C.   gathering signatures for a proposed ballot measure

D.   running for public office as a third party candidate

A.   parents of children under age 18

B.   parents

C.   women with children

D.   citizens in the school district

A.   government-run services would likely be privatized

B.   government programs to help individuals invest their Social Security income would likely be higher on the political agenda

C.   government programs to alleviate economic inequality would likely be higher on the political agenda

D.   government workers would likely unionize

A.   Civil disobedience involves unintentionally breaking a law; a protest involves intentionally breaking a law.

B.   Civil disobedience is involuntary; a protest is voluntary.

C.   Civil disobedience involves intentionally breaking a law; a protest involves getting attention from the media.

D.   Civil disobedience involves violence; a protest is peaceful.

A.   Children who develop positive feelings toward political authorities grow into adults who are not easily disenchanted with politics.

B.   Political socialization is more important to governments than to individuals.

C.   The age of the demographic that consumes television news is much higher on average than those that consume alternative sources of news.

D.   Today's generation of young adults is significantly more likely to read newspapers than their elders.

A.   Constitutional law

B.   natural rights

C.   positive rights

D.   intrinsic laws

A.   Magna Carta

B.   the Articles of Confederation

C.   the Declaration of Independence

D.   Declaration of the Rights of Man

A.   the Committees of Correspondence

B.   the Constitutional Convention

C.   the Continental Congress

D.   the Common Sense Committee

A.   36

B.   10

C.   27

D.   15

A.   bureaucratic

B.   judicial

C.   executive

D.   legislative

A.   a form of due process

B.   a private action

C.   a commercial act

D.   free speech

A.   John Locke

B.   Gramm Rudman

C.   John Boehner

D.   Daniel Shays

A.   infringement of religious freedom

B.   taxation of private property

C.   free speech infringement

D.   unlawful detention

A.   a single chamber whose members were appointed by the president

B.   a single chamber with each state receiving equal power

C.   two chambers

D.   a single chamber with membership based on a state's population

A.   King Caucus

B.   People's Plebiscite

C.   direct popular election

D.   electoral college

A.   weights and measures

B.   privileges and immunities

C.   oversight and influence

D.   checks and balances

A.   The Constitution contained stronger safeguards for states' rights than did the Articles of Confederation.

B.   The Constitution was based on democratic principles; the Articles of Confederation was based on tyrannical principles.

C.   The Constitution created a stronger national government than did the Articles of Confederation.

D.   The Constitution contained strong protections for individual rights; the Articles of Confederation contained strong protections for collective rights.

A.   Democratic Plan

B.   Virginia Plan

C.   Republican Plan

D.   New Jersey Plan

A.   The Federalists

B.   The Anti-Federalists

C.   Whigs

D.   Anti-Masons

A.   the divine right of kings

B.   the right to revolt

C.   government itself

D.   the consent of the governed

A.   shorter terms of office

B.   a stronger national government

C.   stronger state governments

D.   stronger protections of individual liberties

A.   by a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress

B.   by a two-thirds vote in a special election called for the purpose of voting on the amendment

C.   by a majority of state governors

D.   by a majority of voting-age citizens

A.   congressional inaction

B.   natural law

C.   judicial interpretation

D.   national referendum

A.   due process

B.   jurisdiction

C.   privileges and immunities

D.   equal protection

A.   involvement in insurrection

B.   economic status

C.   property ownership

D.   race

A.   the Nineteenth Amendment

B.   Korematsu v. United States

C.   the 1965 Voting Rights Act

D.   Reed v. Reed

A.   winning candidates

B.   voters

C.   losing candidates

D.   nonvoters

A.   all forms of affirmative action

B.   racial quotas in university admissions

C.   grandfather clauses

D.   Jim Crow laws

A.   property or chattel

B.   eligible to vote

C.   separate but equal

D.   citizens

A.   racial segregation

B.   lynchings by the Ku Klux Klan

C.   racial quotas

D.   voter discrimination

A.   It did not pass the strict scrutiny test, and the internment was promptly terminated.

B.   It was unconstitutional, but it was too late to do anything about it.

C.   It was unconstitutional, and Japanese Americans must be duly compensated.

D.   It was legally permissible.

A.   Former slaves are not entitled to full citizenship rights because they did not immigrate to the United States willingly.

B.   Railroad transportation involves interstate commerce, which is regulated by Congress; there is no provision in federal law that prohibits segregation.

C.   The Constitution does not prohibit segregation; it only mandates equal protection under the law.

D.   What was the basis for the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that upheld the constitutionality of a state law requiring segregated railroad facilities?

A.   American Indians

B.   disabled Americans

C.   Asian Americans

D.   gays and lesbians

A.   affirmative action policies must be scrutinized using the same suspect standard that is used for other policies classifying people by race

B.   affirmative action policies maybe broadly tailored to accomplish a compelling government interest

C.   affirmative action policies must be designed to address past discrimination without taking into account race, ethnicity, religion, or creed

D.   affirmative action policies are subject to an intermediate standard whereby they are presumed to be permissible

A.   setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American students

B.   considering how an applicant would contribute to the diversity of the university

C.   considering race as a factor in university admissions decisions

D.   admitting some minority applicants with lower academic achievement than some rejected white applicants

A.   Those without a college degree are not eligible for upper-level civil service jobs.

B.   Male and female student athletes cannot compete on the same basketball team at the university level.

C.   Government contracts must be awarded to a contractor who is a racial minority whenever at least 10 percent of the bidders are minority-owned businesses.

D.   Businesses cannot discriminate against gays and lesbians in hiring and promotion decisions.

A.   a college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for women

B.   a legal prohibition on hiring women for positions that are known to be hazardous to women's reproductive health

C.   an election jurisdiction that does not provide bilingual ballots when there is a large bilingual community

D.   an employer who systematically pays women less than men for doing comparable work

A.   It has ensured that the courts evaluate gender discrimination using the inherently suspect test.

B.   It has had little effect because it was not formally adopted.

C.   It has eliminated gender discrimination in the military.

D.   It has ensured that men and women are treated equally in the workplace.

A.   Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.

B.   Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.

C.   All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.

D.   Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems.

A.   the Supreme Court had determined that only the national government could regulate elections

B.   to prevent the race riots from spreading from African American neighborhoods into traditionally white neighborhoods

C.   because it was clear that many areas in the South had no intention of living up to the spirit of the Fifteenth Amendment

D.   because Congress was afraid the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. would lead a boycott of white businesses if the legislation was not passed

A.   School segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection.

B.   The separate-but-equal doctrine was never intended to apply to people.

C.   The quality of life for African Americans in the South had deteriorated considerably since the adoption of the separate-but-equal doctrine.

D.   The Supreme Court did not have all of the facts when it adopted the separate-but-equal doctrine.

A.   Discrimination is a natural part of the human experience.

B.   Affirmative action discriminates on the basis of race.

C.   Unaddressed past discrimination causes perpetual inequality.

D.   Diversity helps Americans better understand each other.

A.   Independence

B.   Declaration

C.   Federalism

D.   Confederation

A.   Eighth

B.   Tenth

C.   Fourteenth

D.   Eleventh

A.   commerce

B.   due process

C.   equal protection

D.   full faith and credit

A.   devolution

B.   evolution

C.   redevelopment

D.   excavation

A.   Eleventh

B.   Sixth

C.   Twelfth

D.   Third

A.   regulating interstate commerce

B.   limiting the national government

C.   challenging the power of the states

D.   centralizing power in the federal government

A.   direct democracy

B.   oligarchy

C.   conglomeration

D.   confederation

A.   progressive federalism

B.   cooperative federalism

C.   new federalism

D.   dual federalism

A.   dual

B.   cooperative

C.   combined

D.   progressive

A.   due process

B.   equal protection

C.   supremacy

D.   full faith and credit

A.   create courts

B.   operate prisons

C.   establish schools

D.   coin money

A.   categorical grants

B.   block grants

C.   business grants

D.   programmatic requests

A.   layer-cake

B.   marble-cake

C.   cupcake

D.   pineapple-upside-down-cake

A.   A constitutional arrangement by which two or more levels of government share formal authority over the same area and people.

B.   A loose association of states with mutually recognized compacts but no central government.

C.   A loose association of states constitutionally created by a strong central government.

D.   A constitutional arrangement concentrating power in a central government.

A.   citizens can choose to live in those areas that have the policies they prefer

B.   states can figure out which policies work best for them

C.   the state governments can nullify laws passed by Congress

D.   the quality of policies can vary from state to state.

A.   It increases citizens' access to government.

B.   It increases the gross domestic product.

C.   It lowers voter turnout.

D.   It lowers overall tax rates.

A.   Lawrence v. Texas

B.   US v. Morrison

C.   Roe v. Wade

D.   New York Times v. Sullivan

A.   slander; defamation

B.   slander; libel

C.   libel; slander

D.   libel; defamation

A.   assistance of counsel

B.   a written indictment

C.   reasonable bail

D.   the right to parole

A.   free exercise

B.   incorporation

C.   eminent domain

D.   establishment

A.   witnesses

B.   property loss

C.   a written record

D.   actual malice

A.   The state could ban the abortion unless the mother's life was in danger.

B.   The state could regulate it if the mother's life were in danger.

C.   The state could ban it.

D.   The state could do very little to limit a woman's right to an abortion.

A.   after the fact

B.   that is illegal

C.   before the fact

D.   that is critical of the government

A.   Lemon

B.   Orange

C.   Prior Restraint

D.   Free Exercise

A.   a jury trial

B.   speak to an attorney

C.   quick and speedy trial

D.   a phone call

A.   a prior restraint

B.   an inconvenient truth

C.   an undue burden

D.   any additional constraints

A.   recitation of prayer and Bible passages in school

B.   displays of religious symbols on government buildings

C.   displays of religious symbols during holidays

D.   teaching of evolution in school

A.   privacy

B.   sexual freedom

C.   commerce

D.   family

A.   seeking the assistance of an attorney

B.   benefiting financially from that crime

C.   being tried again for the same crime

D.   asserting innocence

A.   Tenth

B.   Third

C.   Fifteenth

D.   Eighth

A.   double jeopardy

B.   trials without a jury

C.   unreasonable search and seizure

D.   self-incrimination

A.   right to vote

B.   right to privacy

C.   right to travel

D.   right to marry

A.   prior restraint

B.   symbolic speech

C.   the Roth test

D.   probable cause

A.   creates a clear and present danger

B.   qualifies as hate speech

C.   is critical of the government

D.   is a prior restraint

A.   pray

B.   take standardized tests

C.   be bused

D.   desegregate