CCP §128.7 provides that by presenting any pleading to the court, the attorney is certifying that the pleading is not improper or filed for a frivolous purpose after a reasonable inquiry under the circumstances.

A cause of action is a theory of recovery that entitles the plaintiff to recover against the defendant.

An affirmative defense is relief requested by the defendant which, if proven, entitles the defendant to recover something from the plaintiff.

One of the basic sources for informal investigation is the client.